ArticleCornea2018
Association Between Season, Temperature and Causative Organism in Microbial Keratitis in the UK.
Article in Cornea, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- TFOS lifestyle: Impact of societal challenges on the ocular surface.The ocular surface · 2023Pooled it
- The role of Acanthamoeba spp. in biofilm communities: a systematic review.Parasitology research · 2021Pooled it
- Shifting trends in bacterial keratitis in a referral center.International ophthalmology · 2025Article
- The Temporal Distribution and Microbial Spectrum in Infectious Keratitis: A Comprehensive Single-Center Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Microbial coinfection keratitis: clinical spectrum, pathogen distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility in an 8-year retrospective study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Potential applications of artificial intelligence in image analysis in cornea diseases: a review.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2024Review
- Analysis of microbial keratitis incidence, isolates and in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility in the East of England: a 6-year study.Eye (London, England) · 2023Article
- Toxic External Exposure Leading to Ocular Surface Injury.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Microbial keratitis in Sao Paulo, Brazil: a 10-year review of laboratory results, epidemiological features, and risk factors.Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia · 2023Review
- Microbial Contamination of Soft Contact Lenses Among Medical School Students in Southern Iraq.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Article
- Generation and use of functionalised hydrogels that can rapidly sample infected surfaces.MethodsX · 2022Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Incidence and Characteristics of Culture-Positive Microbial Keratitis at a Tertiary Eye Hospital in the UK.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Article
- An Evaluation of a Simplified Impression Membrane Sampling Method for the Diagnosis of Microbial Keratitis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Infectious keratitis: an update on epidemiology, causative microorganisms, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance.Eye (London, England) · 2021Review
- Evaluation of Acanthamoeba keratitis cases in a tertiary medical care centre over 21 years.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Pandemics, climate change, and the eye.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2020Article
- Moraxella keratitis: epidemiology and outcomes.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2020Article
- Microbial Keratitis in Corneal Transplants: A 12-Year Analysis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Article
- A 10-Year Retrospective Clinical Analysis of Fungal Keratitis in a Portuguese Tertiary Centre.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Article
- Nine-year analysis of isolated pathogens and antibiotic susceptibilities of microbial keratitis from a large referral eye center in southern China.Infection and drug resistance · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeMicrobial keratitis (MK) is a major cause of corneal blindness worldwide. Variations in season and temperature can affect MK incidence due to specific causative organisms; however, few studies have examined these factors in the UK.
methodsRetrospective review of all corneal scrapes from patients with MK presenting to Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, UK, between January 2004 and December 2015. Manchester's monthly temperature data were obtained from Met Office UK. Analysis was performed using logistic regression.
resultsFrom 4229 corneal scrapes, 1539 organisms grew (90.6% bacteria, 7.1% fungi, and 2.3% Acanthamoebae sp.). Gram-positive bacteria grew with increasing temperature [odds ratio (OR) 1.62, 95% CI: 1.11-2.39, P = 0.014], and fungi grew with decreasing temperature (OR 0.29, 95% CI: 0.16-0.51, P < 0.001). Moraxella sp. grew with decreasing temperature (OR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.96, P = 0.001). Compared with winter, overall culture positivity was significantly less likely in summer (OR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.38-0.87, P = 0.008) and spring (OR 0.65, 95% CI: 0.43-0.99, P = 0.045). Gram-negative bacteria were more likely in summer (OR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.06-2.09, P = 0.022) and autumn (OR 1.75, 95% CI: 1.24-2.47, P = 0.001). Candida sp. were less likely in summer (OR 0.25, 95% CI: 0.07-0.82, P = 0.027) and autumn (OR 0.18, 95% CI: 0.05-0.62, P = 0.009), and Acanthamoeba sp. were less likely in summer (OR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.15-0.92, P = 0.037) and spring (OR 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08-0.69, P = 0.011).
conclusionsHerein we report variation in the incidence of MK-causing organisms by season and temperature; this finding may aid clinicians in predicting possible causative organisms for MK at differing times of the year.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.