ArticleJCI insight2018
Combination anti-PD-1 and antiretroviral therapy provides therapeutic benefit against SIV.
Article in JCI insight, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expression Profile and Biological Role of Immune Checkpoints in Disease Progression of HIV/SIV Infection.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Single-Dose Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Inhibitor, Budigalimab, in People With HIV-1 With Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Viral Load.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- A Single Dose Study of Pembrolizumab in People With HIV Infection Who are Immunologic Nonresponders.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Budigalimab, an anti-PD-1 inhibitor, for people living with HIV-1: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1b study.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Impact of Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Reservoir in People Living With HIV With Cancer on Antiretroviral Therapy: The AIDS Malignancy Consortium 095 Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- In vivo effect of anti-PD-1 on HIV-specific CD8+T-cells in men with HIV.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Dual Blockade of LILRB1 and LILRB2 Enhances Antiviral Immune Responses in SIV Infection.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Innate antiviral and immune functions associated with the HIV reservoir decay after anti-PD-1 therapy.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- GITR triggering has limited impact on HIV-specific CD8 T-cell function but enhances HIV transcription reactivation from latently infected CD4 T-cells.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Understanding the HIV-specific T-cell response to immune checkpoint blockade: what can we learn from cancer immunotherapy?Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- Host-directed approaches in the pursuit of a cure for HIV.Antiviral research · 2025Review
- Early treatment and PD1 inhibition enhance HIV-specific functionality of follicular CD8+ T cells.JCI insight · 2025Article
- CCR5 gene editing and HIV immunotherapy: current understandings, challenges, and future directions.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Immune restoration by TIGIT blockade is insufficient to control chronic SIV infection.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- An angel or a devil? Current view on the role of CD8Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- Examining Chronic Inflammation, Immune Metabolism, and T Cell Dysfunction in HIV Infection.Viruses · 2024Review
- HIV immunological non-responders are characterized by extensive immunosenescence and impaired lymphocyte cytokine production capacity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- GITR activationiScience · 2023Article
- Clinical significance of B7-H3 expression in circulating CD4BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- The Combination of an mRNA Immunogen, a TLR7 Agonist and a PD1 Blocking Agent Enhances In-Vitro HIV T-Cell Immune Responses.Vaccines · 2023Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies that augment antiviral immunity and reduce the viral reservoir are critical to achieving durable remission of HIV. The coinhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) regulates CD8+ T cell dysfunction during chronic HIV and SIV infections. We previously demonstrated that in vivo blockade of PD-1 during chronic SIV infection improves the function of antiviral CD8+ T cells and B cells. Here, we tested the immunological and virological effects of PD-1 blockade combined with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in rhesus macaques. Administration of anti-PD-1 antibody 10 days prior to ART initiation rapidly enhanced antiviral CD8+ T cell function and diminished IFN-stimulated genes. This resulted in faster viral suppression in plasma and better Th17 cell reconstitution in the rectal mucosa following ART initiation. PD-1 blockade during ART resulted in lower levels of cell-associated replication-competent virus. Following ART interruption, PD-1 antibody-treated animals showed markedly higher expansion of proliferating CXCR5+perforin+granzyme B+ effector CD8+ T cells and lower regulatory T cells that resulted in better control of viremia. Our results show that PD-1 blockade can be administered safely with ART to augment antiviral CD8+ T cell function and reduce the viral reservoir, leading to improved control of viral rebound after ART interruption.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.