ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2018
Association between maternal gluten intake and type 1 diabetes in offspring: national prospective cohort study in Denmark.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Gluten-free diets for metabolic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- The Impact of Dietary Factors during Pregnancy on the Development of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Literature Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Diet, gut microbiome, and type 1 diabetes: from risk to translational opportunity.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Obstetrical outcomes in pregnant patients following a gluten-free diet: A prospective cohort study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Maternal Autoimmune Disease and Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Nested Case-Control Study.Pediatric diabetes · 2026Article
- Are We Ready With Prevention for Type 1 Diabetes?Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Review
- The Implications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Coeliac Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- New Perspectives in Studying Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility Biomarkers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Dietary Components in the Pathogenesis and Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes in Children.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2025Review
- Antigen-specific T cell responses in autoimmune diabetes.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Gut microbiota from B-cell-specific TLR9-deficient NOD mice promote IL-10Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Review
- Fermented Bamboo Fiber Improves Productive Performance by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting Chronic Inflammation of Sows and Piglets during Late Gestation and Lactation.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Article
- Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes in Children: A Worthy Challenge?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Pathobionts from chemically disrupted gut microbiota induce insulin-dependent diabetes in mice.Microbiome · 2023Article
- Failure to replicate the diabetes alleviating effect of a maternal gluten-free diet in non-obese diabetic mice.PloS one · 2023Article
- Review
- Maternal diabetes negatively impacts fetal health.Open biology · 2022Review
- Does a gluten-free diet lead to better glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes? Results from a feasibility study and recommendations for future trials.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2022Article
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10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the association between prenatal gluten exposure and offspring risk of type 1 diabetes in humans.
designNational prospective cohort study.
settingNational health information registries in Denmark.
participantsPregnant Danish women enrolled into the Danish National Birth Cohort, between January 1996 and October 2002,
main outcome measuresMaternal gluten intake, based on maternal consumption of gluten containing foods, was reported in a 360 item food frequency questionnaire at week 25 of pregnancy. Information on type 1 diabetes occurrence in the participants' children, from 1 January 1996 to 31 May 2016, were obtained through registry linkage to the Danish Registry of Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes.
resultsThe study comprised 101 042 pregnancies in 91 745 women, of whom 70 188 filled out the food frequency questionnaire. After correcting for multiple pregnancies, pregnancies ending in abortions, stillbirths, lack of information regarding the pregnancy, and pregnancies with implausibly high or low energy intake, 67 565 pregnancies (63 529 women) were included. The average gluten intake was 13.0 g/day, ranging from less than 7 g/day to more than 20 g/day. The incidence of type 1 diabetes among children in the cohort was 0.37% (n=247) with a mean follow-up period of 15.6 years (standard deviation 1.4). Risk of type 1 diabetes in offspring increased proportionally with maternal gluten intake during pregnancy (adjusted hazard ratio 1.31 (95% confidence interval 1.001 to 1.72) per 10 g/day increase of gluten). Women with the highest gluten intake versus those with the lowest gluten intake (≥20
conclusionsHigh gluten intake by mothers during pregnancy could increase the risk of their children developing type 1 diabetes. However, confirmation of these findings are warranted, preferably in an intervention setting.
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