ArticlePloS one2018
Oxygen conserving mitochondrial adaptations in the skeletal muscles of breath hold divers.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lactate increases oxygen unloading of preconditioned blood from male elite breath-hold divers.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Apnoea as a novel method to improve exercise performance: A current state of the literature.Experimental physiology · 2025Review
- The application of breath-holding in sports: physiological effects, challenges, and future directions.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Review
- Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism During Monofin Swimming in Trained Breath-Hold Divers.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Construction and Validation of Newly Adapted Sport-Specific Anaerobic Diving Tests.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Hemoglobin concentration and blood shift during dry static apnea in elite breath hold divers.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Pulmonary vascular adaptations to hypoxia in elite breath-hold divers.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Chemoreflex Control as the Cornerstone in Immersion Water Sports: Possible Role on Breath-Hold.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Review
- Prolonged syncope with multifactorial pulmonary oedema related to dry apnoea training: Safety concerns in unsupervised dry static apnoea.Diving and hyperbaric medicine · 2021Article
- Physiology, pathophysiology and (mal)adaptations to chronic apnoeic training: a state-of-the-art review.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Review
- Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Extreme Hypoxia Causing Brady-Arrythmias During Apnea in Elite Breath-Hold Divers.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Skeletal muscle, haematological and splenic volume characteristics of elite breath-hold divers.European journal of applied physiology · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe performance of elite breath hold divers (BHD) includes static breath hold for more than 11 minutes, swimming as far as 300 m, or going below 250 m in depth, all on a single breath of air. Diving mammals are adapted to sustain oxidative metabolism in hypoxic conditions through several metabolic adaptations, including improved capacity for oxygen transport and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. It was hypothesized that similar adaptations characterized human BHD. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the capacity for oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle of BHD compared to matched controls.
methodsBiopsies were obtained from the lateral vastus of the femoral muscle from 8 Danish BHD and 8 non-diving controls (Judo athletes) matched for morphometry and whole body VO2max. High resolution respirometry was used to determine mitochondrial respiratory capacity and leak respiration with simultaneous measurement of mitochondrial H2O2 emission. Maximal citrate synthase (CS) and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) activity were measured in muscle tissue homogenates. Western Blotting was used to determine protein contents of respiratory complex I-V subunits and myoglobin in muscle tissue lysates.
resultsMuscle biopsies of BHD revealed lower mitochondrial leak respiration and electron transfer system (ETS) capacity and higher H2O2 emission during leak respiration than controls, with no differences in enzyme activities (CS and HAD) or protein content of mitochondrial complex subunits myoglobin, myosin heavy chain isoforms, markers of glucose metabolism and antioxidant enzymes.
conclusionWe demonstrated for the first time in humans, that the skeletal muscles of BHD are characterized by lower mitochondrial oxygen consumption both during low leak and high (ETS) respiration than matched controls. This supports previous observations of diving mammals demonstrating a lower aerobic mitochondrial capacity of the skeletal muscles as an oxygen conserving adaptation during prolonged dives.
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