ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2018
Associations between Bystanders and Perpetrators of Online Hate: The Moderating Role of Toxic Online Disinhibition.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bias-Based Cyberaggression Related To Origin, Religion, Sexual Orientation, Gender, and Weight: Systematic Review of Young People's Experiences, Risk and Protective Factors, and the Consequences.Trauma, violence & abuse · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena.Trauma, violence & abuse · 2023Pooled it
- The influence of hate speech on adolescents' bystander intention and TNB aggression.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2026Article
- Exposure to hate in online and traditional media: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of this exposure on individuals and communities.Campbell systematic reviews · 2025Review
- The online sexual disinhibition effect.International journal of impotence research · 2025Review
- Association between victimization and perpetration of cyberhate: The moderating role of social dominance orientation.Journal of adolescence · 2025Article
- Greater toxic online disinhibition and lower consistent online self-presentation contribute to the perpetration of cyber dating abuse.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Online disinhibition mediates the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and uncivil communication.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Understanding Cyber-Racism Perpetration within the Broader Context of Cyberbullying Theory: A Theoretical Integration.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Identifying Hate Speech and Attribution of Responsibility: An Analysis of Simulated WhatsApp Conversations during the Pandemic.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Playing by the Rules? An Investigation of the Relationship Between Social Norms and Adolescents' Hate Speech Perpetration in Schools.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2022Article
- Associations between Coping Strategies and Cyberhate Involvement: Evidence from Adolescents across Three World Regions.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Factors Associated with Online Hate Acceptance: A Cross-National Six-Country Study among Young Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Examining Early Adolescent Positive and Negative Social Technology Behaviors and Well-being During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Technology, mind, and behavior · 2022Article
- Anxiety and prior victimization predict online gender-based violence perpetration among Indonesian young adults during COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional study.Egyptian journal of forensic sciences · 2022Article
- Youth Exposure to Hate in the Online Space: An Exploratory Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Associations between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate in Eight Countries: The Buffering Effects of Problem-Focused Coping.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hatred directed at members of groups due to their origin, race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation is not new, but it has taken on a new dimension in the online world. To date, very little is known about online hate among adolescents. It is also unknown how online disinhibition might influence the association between being bystanders and being perpetrators of online hate. Thus, the present study focused on examining the associations among being bystanders of online hate, being perpetrators of online hate, and the moderating role of toxic online disinhibition in the relationship between being bystanders and perpetrators of online hate. In total, 1480 students aged between 12 and 17 years old were included in this study. Results revealed positive associations between being online hate bystanders and perpetrators, regardless of whether adolescents had or had not been victims of online hate themselves. The results also showed an association between toxic online disinhibition and online hate perpetration. Further, toxic online disinhibition moderated the relationship between being bystanders of online hate and being perpetrators of online hate. Implications for prevention programs and future research are discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.