ArticleEmerging infectious diseases2018
Transmission Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5Nx) Clade 2.3.4.4, North America, 2014-2015.
Article in Emerging infectious diseases, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluating how infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection influences influenza H3N8 challenge in chickens.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- Article
- Avian influenza spillover into poultry: environmental influences and biosecurity protections.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses Induced by Adenoviral-Vectored Consensus H5 Influenza A Vaccines in Mice and Swine.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Intensive transmission in wild, migratory birds drove rapid geographic dissemination and repeated spillovers of H5N1 into agriculture in North America.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Human Health Surveillance During Animal Disease Emergencies: Minnesota Department of Health Response to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreaks, 2015 and 2022-2023.Journal of agromedicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Emergence, migration and spreading of the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5NX of the Gs/Gd lineage into America.The Journal of general virology · 2025Review
- The global H5N1 influenza panzootic in mammals.Nature · 2025Review
- The Arrival of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in North America, Ensuing Epizootics in Poultry and Dairy Farms and Difficulties in Scientific Naming.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Review
- Mortality in sea lions is associated with the introduction of the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus in Brazil October 2023: whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.BMC veterinary research · 2024Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Review
- Molecular Characterization of Non-H5 and Non-H7 Avian Influenza Viruses from Non-Mallard Migratory Waterbirds of the North American Flyways, 2006-2011.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Recurring incursions and dissemination of novel Eurasian-origin H5Nx avian influenza viruses in Atlantic Canada.Virus evolution · 2024Article
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- Article
- Potential cross-species transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 subtype (HPAI H5) viruses to humans calls for the development of H5-specific and universal influenza vaccines.Cell discovery · 2023Review
- Novel Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Reassortants in Migratory Birds, China.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the United States, 2022: a case-control study.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 infection among commercial turkey operations in the United States, 2022: a case-control study.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Eurasia highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5 clade 2.3.4.4 emerged in North America at the end of 2014 and caused outbreaks affecting >50 million poultry in the United States before eradication in June 2015. We investigated the underlying ecologic and epidemiologic processes associated with this viral spread by performing a comparative genomic study using 268 full-length genome sequences and data from outbreak investigations. Reassortant HPAIV H5N2 circulated in wild birds along the Pacific flyway before several spillover events transmitting the virus to poultry farms. Our analysis suggests that >3 separate introductions of HPAIV H5N2 into Midwest states occurred during March-June 2015; transmission to Midwest poultry farms from Pacific wild birds occurred ≈1.7-2.4 months before detection. Once established in poultry, the virus rapidly spread between turkey and chicken farms in neighboring states. Enhanced biosecurity is required to prevent the introduction and dissemination of HPAIV across the poultry industry.
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