ArticleJournal of women's health (2002)2018
Prolonged Amenorrhea and Resumption of Menses in Women with HIV.
Article in Journal of women's health (2002), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors Associated With Systemic Immune Activation Indices in a Global Primary Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Cohort of People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022 · on this mapTrial
- Correlates and Timing of Reproductive Aging Transitions in a Global Cohort of Midlife Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Insights From the REPRIEVE Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020 · on this mapTrial
- Perceptions About the Relationship Between HIV, Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), and Fecundity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Findings from a Systematic Scoping Review.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- The female microbiome in HIV prevention, pathogenesis, and treatment.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2026Review
- Menopause: an opportunity to optimize health and well being for people with HIV.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- Menstrual health and menstrual equity for women living with HIV: a minireview.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Review
- The burden of menstrual irregularities among women living with HIV in Nigeria: a comprehensive review.Reproductive health · 2024Review
- Associations of Early Prolonged Secondary Amenorrhea in Women With and Without HIV.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Age at Natural Menopause in Women Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Self-Reported and Biochemical Data.Viruses · 2023Article
- The Association Between HIV Status, Estradiol, and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Among Premenopausal Women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2022Article
- A practical clinical guide to counselling on and managing contraception, pre-conception planning, and menopause for women living with HIV.Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2021Article
- HIV-1 Tat promotes age-related cognitive, anxiety-like, and antinociceptive impairments in female mice that are moderated by aging and endocrine status.GeroScience · 2021Article
- Cognitive changes during the menopausal transition: a longitudinal study in women with and without HIV.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo compare etiologies of prolonged amenorrhea in a cohort of HIV-infected women with a cohort of similar uninfected at-risk women. MATERIALS AND
methodsWomen from the Women's Interagency HIV Study were seen every 6 months, and completed surveys including questions about their menstruation. Those who reported no vaginal bleeding for at least 1 year ("prolonged amenorrhea") with subsequent resumption of bleeding were compared with women in whom bleeding had stopped permanently ("menopause"). Characteristics associated with reversible prolonged amenorrhea were ascertained.
resultsOf 828 women with prolonged amenorrhea, 37.6% had reversible amenorrhea and 62.4% never resumed menses. HIV-seropositive women with prolonged amenorrhea were significantly younger at cessation of menses than HIV-negative women (p < 0.0001). Of those with reversible prolonged amenorrhea, approximately half were taking medications associated with amenorrhea, including 95 (30.6%) hormonal contraception, 80 (25.7%) opiates/stimulants, 16 (5.1%) psychotropic medications, and 6 (1.9%) chemotherapy. HIV-seropositive women were less likely to have medications as a cause of amenorrhea than seronegative women (p = 0.02). In multivariable analysis, women with reversible prolonged amenorrhea of unknown etiology were younger (p < 0.0001), more often obese (p = 0.03), and less educated (p = 0.01) than those with permanent amenorrhea. Among HIV-seropositive women, markers of severe immunosuppression were not associated with prolonged amenorrhea.
conclusionWomen with HIV infection have unexplained prolonged amenorrhea more often than at-risk seronegative women. This is especially common among obese, less-educated women. Prolonged amenorrhea in the HIV-seropositive women should be evaluated and not be presumed to be to the result of menopause.
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