ArticleHypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension2018
Association between socioeconomic factors and urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio: the Nagahama Study.
Article in Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Socioeconomic Factors and Lifestyle on Salt and Potassium Intake and Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio: EH-UH 2 Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Practical use and target value of urine sodium-to-potassium ratio in assessment of hypertension risk for Japanese: Consensus Statement by the Japanese Society of Hypertension Working Group on Urine Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- Sodium-to-potassium ratio and renal functional decline.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- Comparison between 24-hour diet recall and 24-hour urine collection for estimating sodium and potassium intakes and their ratio among Korean adults.Nutrition research and practice · 2023Article
- The spot urine sodium-to-potassium ratio as a marker of hypertension risk.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2022Article
- Parental educational status independently predicts the risk of prevalent hypertension in young adults.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Household income and the risk of incident hypertension in employees at multiple workplaces in Japan: J-HOPE.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2020Article
- Perspectives of patients and physicians regarding hypertensive management from an online survey for excellence: a subanalysis of the PARADOX study by physician categories.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2020Article
- Association of the spot urine sodium-to-potassium ratio with blood pressure is independent of urinary Na and K levels: The Nagahama study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
High sodium intake is a simple modifiable risk factor for hypertension. Although not confirmed, lower socioeconomic status may be a factor that increases sodium intake. We aimed to clarify the association between socioeconomic status and urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio by cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. The study included 9410 community residents. Spot urine sodium-to-potassium ratios were measured twice with a 5-year interval. Socioeconomic status was investigated using a self-administered questionnaire. Cross-sectional analysis revealed that educational attainment was inversely associated with urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio (years of education ≤ 9: 3.0 ± 1.8, ≤ 12: 2.9 ± 1.6, ≥ 13: 2.8 ± 1.6; P < 0.001), whereas no significant association was observed with household income. Men, particularly individuals living alone, exhibited markedly high sodium-to-potassium ratios (3.6 ± 2.3). Although frequent intake of vegetables, fruits, and dairy products was also inversely associated with the ratio, the associations with educational attainment ( ≤ 9: reference, ≤ 12: β = -0.032, P = 0.026, ≥ 13: β = -0.059, P < 0.001), marital status (β = -0.040, P < 0.001), and sex*marital status interaction (β = 0.054, P = 0.001) were independent of these covariates. Educational attainment was also inversely associated with differences in the urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio during the follow-up period (odds ratio, 0.70; P < 0.001). Lower educational attainment was an independent determinant for urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio. Health literacy education, particularly in men living alone, may be a factor for reducing salt intake even in high-income countries where equal educational opportunity is assured.
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