ReviewAmerican journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology2018
Sex differences in endothelial function important to vascular health and overall cardiovascular disease risk across the lifespan.
Review in American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 234 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
234 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 369 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Three-Level Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health - 2024.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2024Guideline
- Pooled it
- Effect of food sources of nitrate, polyphenols, L-arginine and L-citrulline on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Sex Differences in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of low-carbohydrate time-restricted eating, with or without sprint interval training, on resting cardiac biomarkers in young adults: a sex-stratified randomized controlled trial.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Report results: Impact of whole-body resistance exercise timing on mitigating hyperglycaemia-induced vascular dysfunction in healthy adults.Experimental physiology · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Heterogeneity in the efficacy of bosentan for hypertensive nephropathy: a study on individualized benefit prediction models based on pathological subtyping and dynamic trajectories.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Mechanometabolic endothelial senescence as a translational framework for cardiometabolic vascular disease and vascular ageing.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Sex hormones, the gut microbiome, and neurodegenerative diseases: Lifespan perspective.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Sex comparisons across different indices of vascular health in recreationally active healthy adults.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Murine models of neovascular AMD revisited: Mechanistic pathways, immune-metabolic crosstalk, and the impact of aging and sex.Experimental eye research · 2026Review
- Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Monitoring of Peripheral Perfusion During Cardiogenic Shock and VA-ECMO Support: An Experimental Study.Shock (Augusta, Ga.) · 2026Article
- Aging is associated with altered estrogen receptor expression and alters redox protein balance in human female skeletal muscle.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Sex differences in microvascular patterns associated with low- and high-risk for cardiovascular disease.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of Hypertension in Women: Interactions Between Vascular Ageing, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Hormonal Regulation.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Sex differences in circulating platelet-derived CD41+ extracellular vesicles in healthy adults.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Activation of the Endothelin System in Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Transplant Recipients-Implications for Disease Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
174 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Diseases of the cardiovascular system are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in men and women in developed countries, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is becoming more prevalent in developing countries. The prevalence of atherosclerotic CVD in men is greater than in women until menopause, when the prevalence of CVD increases in women until it exceeds that of men. Endothelial function is a barometer of vascular health and a predictor of atherosclerosis that may provide insights into sex differences in CVD as well as how and why the CVD risk drastically changes with menopause. Studies of sex differences in endothelial function are conflicting, with some studies showing earlier decrements in endothelial function in men compared with women, whereas others show similar age-related declines between the sexes. Because the increase in CVD risk coincides with menopause, it is generally thought that female hormones, estrogens in particular, are cardioprotective. Moreover, it is often proposed that androgens are detrimental. In truth, the relationships are more complex. This review first addresses female and male sex hormones and their receptors and how these interact with the cardiovascular system, particularly the endothelium, in healthy young women and men. Second, we address sex differences in sex steroid receptor-independent mechanisms controlling endothelial function, focusing on vascular endothelin and the renin-angiotensin systems, in healthy young women and men. Finally, we discuss sex differences in age-associated endothelial dysfunction, focusing on the role of attenuated circulating sex hormones in these effects.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.