Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30215381›Full record

SynthesisLancet (London, England)2018

Treatment correlates of successful outcomes in pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis.

Collaborative Group for the Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data in MDR-TB treatment–2017, Nafees Ahmad, Shama D Ahuja, Onno W Akkerman, Jan-Willem C Alffenaar, Laura F Anderson, Parvaneh Baghaei, Didi Bang, Pennan M Barry, Mayara L Bastos and 99 more

2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · greenAbstract readMeta-AnalysisReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Lancet (London, England), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 345 papers, 19 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
345citing papers in PubMed, 19 pooled it
44.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03984890 phase2 / phase3completednot on this mapstarted 2019, after this paper: background citation

Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Chronic Granulomatous Disease Patients With BCGosis/Itis

TypeinterventionalSponsorChildren's Hospital of Fudan UniversityRan2019 to 2023Enrolled50ConditionsVitamin D3, Chronic-granulomatous Disease, BCGArmsVitamin D3, Traditional treatment of CGD and TB
NCT06590428 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Linezolid in the Treatment of Rifampin-resistant Tuberculosis

TypeinterventionalSponsorAlbert Einstein College of MedicineRan2026 to 2029Enrolled280ConditionsRifampin-resistant Tuberculosis, Drug-resistant TuberculosisArmsTherapeutic Drug Monitoring for Linezolid
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

345 citing papers in PubMed, 19 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 625 citations in OpenAlex.

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  4. Bedaquiline and linezolid regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia · 2025
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  7. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence in Alcohol-Associated Cirrhosis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2023
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  8. Mortality Outcomes by Fibrosis Stage in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2023
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  12. Delamanid-containing regimens and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022
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285 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

109 authors at 20 institutions in 30 countries.

Collaborative Group for the Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data in MDR-TB treatment–2017
Nafees AhmadFaculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan.
Shama D AhujaBureau of Tuberculosis Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, NY, USA.
Onno W AkkermanDepartment of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Tuberculosis Centre Beatrixoord, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Jan-Willem C AlffenaarDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Laura F AndersonGlobal Tuberculosis Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Parvaneh BaghaeiClinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Didi BangStatens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Pennan M BarryTuberculosis Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, CA, USA.
Mayara L BastosSocial Medicine Institute, Epidemiology Department, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Digamber BeheraDepartment of Pulmonary Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research & Capacity Building in Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Chandigarh, India; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
Andrea BenedettiMontreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Gregory P BissonUniversity of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Martin J BoereeDepartment of Pulmonary Diseases, Radboud University Medicale Centre Nijmegen and Dekkerswald Radboudumc Groesbeek, Netherlands.
Maryline BonnetEpicentre MSF, Paris, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UM233, INSERM U1175, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
Sarah K BrodeDepartment of Medicine, Division of Respirology, University of Toronto, West Park Healthcare Centre, University Health Network, and Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.
James C M BrustDivision of General Internal Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Ying CaiTuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Eric CaumesAP-HP, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France.
J Peter CegielskiDivision of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Rosella CentisWorld Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Maugeri Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy.
Pei-Chun ChanDivision of Chronic Infectious Diseases, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan.
Edward D ChanDepartment of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA.
Kwok-Chiu ChangDepartment of Health, Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
Macarthur CharlesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Haiti Country Office, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Andra CiruleCentre of TB and Lung Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
Margareth Pretti DalcolmoCentro de Referência Helio Fraga, Fiocruz, Brazil.
Lia D'AmbrosioWorld Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Maugeri Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy; Public Health Consulting Group, Lugano, Switzerland.
Gerard de VriesCentre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands; KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands.
Keertan DhedaCentre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Department of Medicine & UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Aliasgar EsmailCentre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Department of Medicine & UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Jennifer FloodTuberculosis Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, CA, USA.
Gregory J FoxSydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Mathilde Fréchet-JachymSanatorium, Centre Hospitalier de Bligny, Briis-sous-Forges, France.
Geisa FregonaUniversity Federal of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
Regina GayosoCentro de Referência Helio Fraga, Fiocruz, Brazil.
Medea GegiaGlobal Tuberculosis Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Maria Tarcela GlerTropical Disease Foundation, Manila, Philippines.
Sue GuDepartment of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
Lorenzo GuglielmettiAP-HP, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI; INSERM U1135/UMRS CR7/CNRS ERL 8255), Bactériologie, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Sanatorium, Centre Hospitalier de Bligny, Briis-sous-Forges, France.
Timothy H HoltzDivision of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Jennifer HughesMédecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, South Africa.
Petros IsaakidisMédecins Sans Frontières, Mumbai, India.
Leah JarlsbergDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Russell R KempkerEmory University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Salmaan KeshavjeeDepartment of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Faiz Ahmad KhanMontreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Maia KipianiNational Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Serena P KoenigDivision of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Haitian Study Group for Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Won-Jung KohSamsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
Afranio KritskiAcademic Tuberculosis Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Liga KuksaDepartment of MDR TB, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
Charlotte L KvasnovskyDivision of Pediatric Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.
Nakwon KwakDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
Zhiyi LanMontreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Christoph LangeDivision of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Clinical Tuberculosis Unit, Borstel, Germany; International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Rafael Laniado-LaborínTuberculosis Clinic and Laboratory, Tijuana General Hospital, Tijuana, Mexico.
Myungsun LeeClinical Research Section, International Tuberculosis Research Centre, Seoul, South Korea.
Vaira LeimaneCentre of TB and Lung Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
Chi-Chiu LeungDepartment of Health, Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
Eric Chung-Ching LeungDepartment of Health, Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
Pei Zhi LiMontreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Phil LowenthalTuberculosis Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, CA, USA.
Ethel L MacielUniversity Federal of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
Suzanne M MarksDivision of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Sundari MaseDivision of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Regional WHO Office, New Delhi, India.
Lawrence MbuagbawDepartment of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
Giovanni B MiglioriWorld Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Maugeri Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy.
Vladimir MilanovMedical Faculty, Medical University-Sofia, University Hospital for Respiratory Diseases "St. Sofia", Sofia, Bulgaria.
Ann C MillerDepartment of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Carole D MitnickDepartment of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Chawangwa ModongoBotswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Erika MohrMédecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, South Africa.
Ignacio MonederoTB-HIV Department, International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Paris, France.
Payam NahidDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Norbert NdjekaNational TB Programme, South African National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa.
Max R O'DonnellDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Nesri PadayatchiCAPRISA, MRC TB-HIV Treatment and Pathogenesis Research Unit, Durban, South Africa.
Domingo PalmeroPulmonology Division, Municipal Hospital F J Munĩz, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Jean William PapeHaitian Study Group for Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
Laura J PodewilsDivision of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Ian ReynoldsDepartment of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
Vija RiekstinaCentre of TB and Lung Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
Jérôme RobertAP-HP, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI; INSERM U1135/UMRS CR7/CNRS ERL 8255), Bactériologie, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
Maria RodriguezNational Tuberculosis Control Program, Dominican Republic.
Barbara SeaworthHeartland National TB Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA.
Kwonjune J SeungPartners In Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Kathryn SchnippelFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Tae Sun ShimDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
Rupak SinglaNational Institute of Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India.
Sarah E SmithDivision of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Giovanni SotgiuDepartment of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
Ganzaya SukhbaatarMinistry of Health of Mongolia, Mongolia.
Payam TabarsiClinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Simon TiberiRoyal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK; Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Anete TrajmanSocial Medicine Institute, Epidemiology Department, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Academic Tuberculosis Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Lisa TrieuBureau of Tuberculosis Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, NY, USA.
Zarir F UdwadiaHinduja Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai, India.
Tjip S van der WerfDepartment of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Nicolas VezirisAP-HP, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI; INSERM U1135/UMRS CR7/CNRS ERL 8255), Bactériologie, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
Piret ViikleppEstonian Tuberculosis Registry, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia.
Stalz Charles VilbrunHaitian Study Group for Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Kathleen WalshHaitian Study Group for Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Janice WestenhouseTuberculosis Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, CA, USA.
Wing-Wai YewStanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
Jae-Joon YimDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
Nicola M ZetolaBotswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Matteo ZignolGlobal Tuberculosis Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Dick MenziesMontreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: dick.menzies@mcgill.ca.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention · USMcGill University Health Centre · CACalifornia Department of Public Health · USRiga East University Hospital · LVDepartment of Health · CNGheskio Centers · HTUniversity of Cape Town · ZAUniversity of Groningen · NLWorld Health Organization · CHWorld Health Organization - Italy · ITBotswana Open University · BWFundação Oswaldo Cruz · BRHarvard Global Health Institute · USMédecins Sans Frontières · ZANew York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene · USSeoul National University · KRShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences · IRUniversidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro · BRUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo · BRUniversity of California, San Francisco · US

Funding

Emory-Georgia TB Research Training ProgramD43TW007124 · FIC · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI HENRY M BLUMBERG, Nestani Tukvadze · 2004 to 2026
$4.6M
Biomarker for XDR-TB Treatment Response and Drug Resistance in HIV Endemic AreaK23AI098479 · NIAID · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI O'DONNELL, MAX · 2012 to 2016
$669k
FIC NIH HHS D43 TW007124NIAID NIH HHS K23 AI098479
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTreatment outcomes for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis remain poor. We aimed to estimate the association of treatment success and death with the use of individual drugs, and the optimal number and duration of treatment with those drugs in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

methodsIn this individual patient data meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify potentially eligible observational and experimental studies published between Jan 1, 2009, and April 30, 2016. We also searched reference lists from all systematic reviews of treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis published since 2009. To be eligible, studies had to report original results, with end of treatment outcomes (treatment completion [success], failure, or relapse) in cohorts of at least 25 adults (aged >18 years). We used anonymised individual patient data from eligible studies, provided by study investigators, regarding clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Using propensity score-matched generalised mixed effects logistic, or linear regression, we calculated adjusted odds ratios and adjusted risk differences for success or death during treatment, for specific drugs currently used to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, as well as the number of drugs used and treatment duration.

findingsOf 12 030 patients from 25 countries in 50 studies, 7346 (61%) had treatment success, 1017 (8%) had failure or relapse, and 1729 (14%) died. Compared with failure or relapse, treatment success was positively associated with the use of linezolid (adjusted risk difference 0·15, 95% CI 0·11 to 0·18), levofloxacin (0·15, 0·13 to 0·18), carbapenems (0·14, 0·06 to 0·21), moxifloxacin (0·11, 0·08 to 0·14), bedaquiline (0·10, 0·05 to 0·14), and clofazimine (0·06, 0·01 to 0·10). There was a significant association between reduced mortality and use of linezolid (-0·20, -0·23 to -0·16), levofloxacin (-0·06, -0·09 to -0·04), moxifloxacin (-0·07, -0·10 to -0·04), or bedaquiline (-0·14, -0·19 to -0·10). Compared with regimens without any injectable drug, amikacin provided modest benefits, but kanamycin and capreomycin were associated with worse outcomes. The remaining drugs were associated with slight or no improvements in outcomes. Treatment outcomes were significantly worse for most drugs if they were used despite in-vitro resistance. The optimal number of effective drugs seemed to be five in the initial phase, and four in the continuation phase. In these adjusted analyses, heterogeneity, based on a simulated I

interpretationAlthough inferences are limited by the observational nature of these data, treatment outcomes were significantly better with use of linezolid, later generation fluoroquinolones, bedaquiline, clofazimine, and carbapenems for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. These findings emphasise the need for trials to ascertain the optimal combination and duration of these drugs for treatment of this condition.

fundingAmerican Thoracic Society, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, European Respiratory Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Indexed as

AmikacinAntitubercular AgentsCapreomycinCarbapenemsClofazimineDiarylquinolinesDrug Therapy, CombinationFluoroquinolonesHumansKanamycinLevofloxacinLinezolidMoxifloxacinRecurrenceTreatment FailureTuberculosis, Multidrug-ResistantAmikacinAntitubercular AgentsbedaquilineCapreomycinCarbapenemsClofazimineDiarylquinolinesFluoroquinolonesKanamycinLevofloxacinLinezolidMoxifloxacin

Identifiers

PMID30215381
PMCPMC6463280
OpenAlexW2891690058

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.