Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30214142›Full record

ArticleClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)2018

Myopia prevalence and risk factors in children.

Christos Theophanous, Bobeck S Modjtahedi, Michael Batech, David S Marlin, Tiffany Q Luong, Donald S Fong

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
66citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
9.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

66 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 153 citations in OpenAlex.

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  6. One-year results of the Variation of Orthokeratology Lens Treatment Zone (VOLTZ) Study: a prospective randomised clinical trial.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2021
    Trial
  7. Article
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  10. Effects of 0.01% atropine on choroidal thickness and retinal microvasculature in myopic caucasian children: one-year prospective study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026
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  16. Vision impairment in boys recruited to the iREAD study.Israel journal of health policy research · 2025
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6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Christos TheophanousDepartment of Ophthalmology, Southern California Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Bobeck S ModjtahediDepartment of Ophthalmology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Baldwin Park, CA, USA, BobModj@gmail.com.
Michael BatechDepartment of Research and Evaluation, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, CA, USA.
David S MarlinDepartment of Ophthalmology, Southern California Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Tiffany Q LuongDepartment of Research and Evaluation, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Donald S FongDepartment of Ophthalmology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Baldwin Park, CA, USA, BobModj@gmail.com.
Kaiser Permanente Baldwin Park Medical Center · USLos Angeles Medical Center · USCardiovascular Medical Group · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for pediatric myopia in a contemporary American cohort.

methodsA cross-sectional study of pediatric patients enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California health plan was done. Eligible patients were 5- to 19-years old between January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2013, and received an ophthalmologic or optometric refraction. Electronic medical records were reviewed for demographic data, refraction results, and exercise data. Prevalence and relative risks of myopia (defined as ≤-1.0 diopter) were characterized. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, median neighborhood income, and minutes of exercise per day were examined as risk factors.

resultsThere were 60,789 patients who met the inclusion criteria, of which 41.9% had myopia. Myopia was more common in older children (14.8% in 5- to 7-year olds, 59.0% in 17- to 19-year olds). Asian/Pacific Islander patients (OR 1.64, CI 1.58-1.70) had an increased rate of myopia compared to White patients as did African Americans to a lesser extent (OR 1.08, CI 1.03-1.13). Median neighborhood household income of $25,000-40,000 was associated with lower rates of myopia (OR 0.90, CI 0.83-0.97) compared to median neighborhood household incomes less than $25,000. Having at least 60 min of daily exercise was associated with lower prevalence of myopia (OR 0.87, CI 0.85-0.89). DISCUSSION: Myopia was common in this large and diverse Southern Californian pediatric cohort. The prevalence of myopia increases with age. Asian children are at highest risk for myopia. Exercise is associated with a lower rate of myopia and represents an important potentially modifiable risk factor that may be a target for future public health efforts.

Indexed as

childrenepidemiologyexercisemyopiapediatricsprevalencepublic healthrefractive error

Identifiers

PMID30214142
PMCPMC6120514
OpenAlexW2888947562

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.