ArticleMolecular psychiatry2020
Increased macrophages and changed brain endothelial cell gene expression in the frontal cortex of people with schizophrenia displaying inflammation.
Article in Molecular psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 124 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
124 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 234 citations in OpenAlex.
- Up-Regulation of S100 Gene Family in Brain Samples of a Subgroup of Individuals with Schizophrenia: Meta-analysis.Neuromolecular medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Investigating the shared genetic architecture between schizophrenia and body mass index.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Chemokine Dysregulation and Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Immune System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: An Integrative View and Translational Perspectives.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- BrainFrontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- An update on the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents for patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.Psychological medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Effects of fingolimod, a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist, on white matter microstructure, cognition and symptoms in schizophrenia.Brain imaging and behavior · 2021Trial
- Altered Vascular and Angiogenic Transcripts in the Neurogenic Niche in Neuroinflammatory-Type Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation: an unfortunate term to describe schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- ABCG2 Genetic Variability in Drug Exposure and Toxicity: Implications for Clinical Practice.Toxics · 2026Review
- The role of tight junction proteins in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Review
- Increased Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Members in Neuroinflammatory Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Midbrains.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Article
- Molecular Signatures of Id2- and Ascl4-Induced Wiring of Adult Hippocampal Neurons.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- Occludin deficiency is associated with developmental impairment, locomotor dysfunction, and social deficiencies.Tissue barriers · 2026Article
- CD163+ perivascular macrophages in schizophrenia: a research framework for testing macrophage-related mechanisms.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Immunometabolic reprogramming of central and peripheral immune cells in mental disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Single-cell profiling reveals a shared proinflammatory macrophage signature across multiple organs in myopia.Cell discovery · 2025Article
- The Changes in Plasmalogens: Chemical Diversity and Nutritional Implications-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Diffusion basis spectrum imaging of white matter in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Brain imaging and behavior · 2025Article
64 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines exist in both blood and brain of people with schizophrenia but how this affects molecular indices of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is unclear. Eight mRNAs relating to BBB function, a microglia and three immune cell markers were measured by qPCR in the prefrontal cortex from 37 people with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 37 matched controls. This cohort was previously grouped into "high inflammation" and "low inflammation" subgroups based on cortical inflammatory-related transcripts. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM1) was measured in the plasma of 78 patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 73 healthy controls. We found that sICAM1 was significantly elevated in schizophrenia. An efflux transporter, ABCG2, was lower, while mRNAs encoding VE-cadherin and ICAM1 were higher in schizophrenia brain. The "high inflammation" schizophrenia subgroup had lower ABCG2 and higher ICAM1, VE-cadherin, occludin and interferon-induced transmembrane protein mRNAs compared to both "low inflammation" schizophrenia and "low inflammation" control subgroups. ICAM1 immunohistochemistry showed enrichment in brain endothelium regardless of diagnosis and was localised to astrocytes in some brains. Microglia mRNA was not altered in schizophrenia nor did it correlate with ICAM1 expression. Immune cell mRNAs were elevated in "high inflammation" schizophrenia compared to both "low inflammation" schizophrenia and controls. CD163+ perivascular macrophages were identified by immunohistochemistry in brain parenchyma in over 40% of "high inflammation" schizophrenia brains. People with high levels of cytokine expression and schizophrenia display changes consistent with greater immune cell transmigration into brain via increased ICAM1, which could contribute to other neuropathological changes found in this subgroup of people.
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