ArticleAnnals of the American Thoracic Society2018
Association between Inhaled Corticosteroid Use and Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection.
Article in Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- 2021 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.Arthritis care & research · 2021Guideline
- Inhaled Corticosteroids and Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria Risk in Patients with COPD.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Eosinophilic and type 2 inflammation in bronchiectasis: from phenotype recognition toward endotype-informed therapy.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a risk factor for non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a population-based matched cohort study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Article
- Hospitalized Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease Patients and Their Outcomes in the United States: A Retrospective Study Using National Inpatient Sample Data.Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Miami, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Pediatric Non-Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterium Infections: A Global Population Based Study.Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Risk of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection in Chronic Airway Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases · 2024Article
- Patients at risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease who need testing evaluated using a modified Delphi process by European experts.ERJ open research · 2024Article
- Phenotypical characteristics of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in patients with bronchiectasis.Respiratory research · 2024Observational
- Growing from common ground: nontuberculous mycobacteria and bronchiectasis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2024Review
- The Study of Associated Factors for Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease Compared to Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis.Infection and drug resistance · 2024Article
- Safety profile of drugs used in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a narrative review.Therapeutic advances in drug safety · 2024Review
- Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Risk of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Basic, translational and clinical aspects of bronchiectasis in adults.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2023Article
- Blood eosinophil percentage as a predictor of response to inhaled corticosteroid in bronchiectasis.The clinical respiratory journal · 2023Article
- Nontuberculous mycobacteria infection and pulmonary disease in bronchiectasis.ERJ open research · 2022Article
- Management ofEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2022Review
- Polycationic Glycopolymer Demonstrates Activity Against Persisters and Biofilms of Non-tuberculosisFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Exacerbation ofVirulence · 2021Article
- Exploring Potential COPD Immunosuppression Pathways Causing Increased Susceptibility for MAC Infections among COPD Patients.Clinics and practice · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleNontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary disease prevalence is increasing.
objectivesTo determine the association between the use of inhaled corticosteroids and the likelihood of NTM pulmonary infection among individuals with treated airway disease.
methodsWe conducted a case-control study of subjects with airway disease with and without NTM pulmonary infection (based on mycobacterial respiratory cultures) between 2000 and 2010 in northern California. We quantified the use of inhaled corticosteroids, other airway disease medications, and healthcare use within 6 months of NTM pulmonary infection identification. We used 1:10 case-control matching and conditional logistic regression to evaluate the association between the duration and cumulative dosage of inhaled corticosteroid use and NTM pulmonary infection.
resultsWe identified 248 cases with NTM pulmonary infection with an estimated rate of 16.4 cases per 10,000 subjects treated for airway disease. The median interval between treated airway disease cohort entry (defined as date of patient filling the third airway disease treatment prescription) and NTM case identification was 1,217 days. Compared with control subjects, subjects with NTM pulmonary infection were more likely to use airway disease medications including systemic steroids; they were also more likely to use health care. Any inhaled corticosteroids use between 120 days and 2 years before cohort entry was associated with substantially increased odds of NTM infection. For example, the adjusted odds ratio for NTM infection among inhaled corticosteroid users in a 2-year interval was 2.51 (95% confidence interval, 1.40-4.49; P < 0.01). Increasing cumulative inhaled corticosteroid dose was also associated with greater odds of NTM infection.
conclusionsInhaled corticosteroid use, and particularly high-dose inhaled corticosteroid use, was associated with an increased risk of NTM pulmonary infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.