Combined treatment of cholangiocarcinoma with interventional radiofrequency hyperthermia and heat shock protein promoter-mediated HSV-TK gene therapy.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a most lethal malignancy frequently resistant to chemotherapy. Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/Ganciclovir (HSV-TK/GCV) suicide gene therapy is a promising approach to treat different cancers, including cholangiocarcinoma. However drawbacks including low therapeutic gene expression and lack of precise targeted gene delivery limit the wide clinical utilization of the suicide gene therapy. We attempted to overcome these obstacles. We established the "proof-of-principle" of this concept via serial in-vitro experiments using human cholangiocarcinoma cells and then validated the new interventional oncology technique in vivo using mice harboring the same patient derived cholangiocarcinomas. Curative effects were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by pathology and laboratory examinations. Intratumoral radiofrequency hyperthermia (RFH) significantly elevated the targeted expression of HSV-TK gene and further enhanced the therapeutic effects of direct intratumoral HSV-TK/GCV gene therapy, evident as the least number of survival tumor cells, smallest tumor size, and the highest apoptosis index in the combination treatment of HSV-TK plus RFH, compared to other control treatments. The novel combination of image-guided interventional oncology, RFH technology, and direct gene therapy may be valuable for the effective treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.