ArticleNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2018
Increased risk of diseases of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in patients with a history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Article in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of neurodegenerative disease or dementia in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Biomolecules and Electrochemical Tools in Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance: A Systematic Review.Biosensors · 2020Pooled it
- Association Between the Genetic Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Cognitive Function in Older Age: The MYHAT Population-Based Study.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Association of the Pay-for-Performance Program with Emergency Service Utilization and Hospital Admissions in Asthma Patients: A National Matched Cohort Study in Taiwan.Journal of medical systems · 2026Article
- Mouse model of atypical DAT deficiency syndrome uncovers dopamine dysfunction associated with parkinsonism and ADHD.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Association of neurodevelopmental conditions with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and Parkinson's disease.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Article
- Uncovering the genetic underpinnings for different psychiatric disorder combinations.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- No evidence of structural abnormality of the substantia nigra in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot cross-sectional cohort study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- [Epidemiology, diagnostics and treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in advanced age].Der Nervenarzt · 2023Review
- Neurochemical, histological, and behavioral profiling of the acute, sub-acute, and chronic MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease.Journal of neurochemistry · 2023Article
- Centrality and interhemispheric coordination are related to different clinical/behavioral factors in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a resting-state fMRI study.Brain imaging and behavior · 2022Article
- Stimulant Induced Movement Disorders in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Soa--ch'ongsonyon chongsin uihak = Journal of child & adolescent psychiatry · 2022Review
- Mapping phenotypic and aetiological associations between ADHD and physical conditions in adulthood in Sweden: a genetically informed register study.The lancet. Psychiatry · 2021Article
- New pharmacological and neuromodulation approaches for impulsive-compulsive behaviors in Parkinson's disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2021Review
- ADHD and Neurodegenerative Disease Risk: A Critical Examination of the Evidence.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Review
- Article
- Longitudinal Cognitive Performance of Older Adults With ADHD Presenting to a Cognitive Neurology Clinic: A Case Series of Change Up to 21 Years.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Article
- Trends in stimulant dispensing by age, sex, state of residence, and prescriber specialty - United States, 2014-2019.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and involves dysregulated dopaminergic pathways. Dopaminergic agents (i.e., amphetamine and methylphenidate) are thus prescribed to treat ADHD. As little is known regarding long-term consequences of either ADHD or its treatment, the objective of this study was to determine if either alters the risk of diseases of the basal ganglia and cerebellum, including Parkinson's disease. Statewide medical records from 1996 to 2016 were retrieved from the Utah Population Database to conduct a retrospective cohort study. Participants included ADHD patients (International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9) diagnosis codes 314.0-314.2, 314.8, 314.9) and 5:1 random sex-matched and age-matched subjects with no ADHD diagnosis history. Both patients and non-ADHD subjects met the following eligibility criteria: (1) no prior diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, secondary parkinsonism, basal ganglia disease, or essential tremor (ICD-9 codes 332.0, 332.1, 333.0, 333.1), (2) born in 1950 or later and age ≥20 years at last follow-up, and (3) no history of substance abuse (illicit drugs or alcohol). Outcomes were measured as time to diagnosis of diseases of the basal ganglia and cerebellum, death, or study-end. A Cox model incorporating a competing risk of death was used to provide hazard ratio estimates. Patients with ADHD (N = 31,769) had a 2.4-fold increased risk of basal ganglia and cerebellum diseases (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0-3.0; P < 0.0001) compared with 158,790 non-ADHD persons, after controlling for sex and age and adjusting for tobacco use and psychotic conditions. In 4960 ADHD patients prescribed psychostimulants, risk of basal ganglia and cerebellum diseases between ages 21 and 49 years was especially pronounced, at 8.6-fold (95% CI: 4.8-15.6; P < 0001). The association of ADHD patients prescribed psychostimulants with higher risk of diseases of the basal ganglia and cerebellum may reflect a more severe ADHD phenotype rather than a direct association between prescribed stimulant use and basal ganglia or cerebellum disorders. Future studies to assess and stratify patient risk so as to inform treatment are warranted.
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