ReviewToxins2018
Impacts of Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresol Sulfate on Chronic Kidney Disease and Mitigating Effects of AST-120.
Review in Toxins, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04639674 (Prospective Randomized Study Evaluating the Efficacy of the Spherical Absorptive Carbon AST-120 in Hemodialysis Patients With Uremic Pruritus..), which is not on this map. Cited by 120 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prospective Randomized Study Evaluating the Efficacy of the Spherical Absorptive Carbon AST-120 in Hemodialysis Patients With Uremic Pruritus..
Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 178 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chronic kidney disease increases the risks of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effects of resistant starch supplementation on renal function and inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Renal failure · 2024Pooled it
- Specific alterations of gut microbiota in patients with membranous nephropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of probiotic supplementation on disease progression in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Contribution of 'clinically negligible' residual kidney function to clearance of uremic solutes.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2020Trial
- The association between serum indoxyl sulfate and radial-cephalic arteriovenous fistulas dysfunction in ESKD patients: a prospective study.Renal failure · 2026Article
- Trained Immunity as a Mechanistic Bridge Between Uremic Toxins, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Molecular Hydrogen and the Uremic Skeleton: A Critical Review and Turnover-State-Dependent Redox Hypothesis in CKD-MBD.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Berberrubine alleviates PCS-induced tubular injury via HNRNPF/NR4A1/ER stress axis.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- The multifaceted metabolite landscape of gut microbiota: systems pharmacology insights into Crohn's disease, irritable bowel disease, and ulcerative colitis.Molecular diversity · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota and renal fibrosis: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- State-of-the-Art Review on Probiotics, Synbiotics, and Microbial Metabolites: Molecular Mechanisms Shaping Host Immunity, Metabolic Health, and Chronic Disease Prevention.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Review
- Article
- Gut Microbiome Recovery inDiseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Targeting gut-liver-kidney axis: microbiota-derived metabolites and therapeutic implications.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota and Hypertension: Mechanisms, Drug Interactions, and Translational Directions for Individualized Therapy.International journal of general medicine · 2026Review
- Function of molecular-weight-optimized Astragalus polysaccharides in cisplatin-caused acute kidney injury: mechanisms centered on gut microbiota regulation and precise treatment approaches.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- The Inflammatory Milieu Exacerbates Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease: From the Gut-Kidney Axis to Bone Marrow Hematopoiesis Inhibition.Kidney & blood pressure research · 2026Review
- Indoxyl sulfate in the gut-kidney axis: from diet-microbiome interactions to renal injury and targeted therapies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresol, or p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), are markedly accumulated in the organs of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. These toxins can induce inflammatory reactions and enhance oxidative stress, prompting glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis, to aggravate the decline of renal function. Consequently, uremic toxins play an important role in the worsening of renal and cardiovascular functions. Furthermore, they destroy the quantity and quality of bone. Oral sorbent AST-120 reduces serum levels of uremic toxins in CKD patients by adsorbing the precursors of IS and PCS generated by amino acid metabolism in the intestine. Accordingly, AST-120 decreases the serum IS levels and reduces the production of reactive oxygen species by endothelial cells, to impede the subsequent oxidative stress. This slows the progression of cardiovascular and renal diseases and improves bone metabolism in CKD patients. Although large-scale studies showed no obvious benefits from adding AST-120 to the standard therapy for CKD patients, subsequent sporadic studies may support its use. This article summarizes the mechanisms of the uremic toxins, IS, and PCS, and discusses the multiple effects of AST-120 in CKD patients.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.