ArticleInternational journal of obesity (2005)2019
Determinants of leptin in human breast milk: results of the Ulm SPATZ Health Study.
Article in International journal of obesity (2005), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Variability in the Composition and Antioxidant Status of Milk of Polish Women Breastfeeding up to 2 Years.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Maternal Determinants of Human Milk Leptin and Their Associations with Neonatal Growth Parameters.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Impact of Maternal Overweight and Obesity on Adipokines During Pregnancy and Lactation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- The relationships between leptin levels in maternal serum and breast milk of mothers and term infants.Annals of medicine · 2021Article
- Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: Analytical Methods and Current Understanding.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Leptin in Human Milk and Child Body Mass Index: Results of the Ulm Birth Cohort Studies.Nutrients · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLeptin in human breast milk has been implicated as a potential regulator of early-life metabolic programming. We comprehensively investigated the influence of maternal body mass index (BMI) and non-adiposity associated determinants on breast milk leptin concentration at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year postpartum.
methodsThe Ulm SPATZ Health Study consists of 1006 newborns and their mothers recruited from the general population in the University Medical Center Ulm, Southern Germany, in 2012/2013. Leptin concentration was measured in skimmed breast milk using commercially available ELISA (R&D System). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) accounting for repeated measures were used to calculate beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for association of potential demographic and lifestyle related determinants of hormone concentration with BMI-standardized leptin z-scores.
resultsLeptin concentration was measured in breast milk samples obtained from 694 mothers at approximately 6 weeks (n = 668), 6 months (n = 445), and 1 year (n = 69) postpartum. Differences in crude leptin concentrations between collection times were mostly explained by changes in BMI, breastfeeding frequency, and breast milk fat concentration. Positive associations between BMI and leptin were nonlinear and stronger among lower BMI subjects. Upon standardization, residual leptin concentrations were associated with maternal birth country, parity, age, and smoking history.
conclusionsBreast milk leptin concentration is primarily determined by adiposity-related factors. Studies using BMI as a proxy measure for adiposity should account for an observed nonlinear association with leptin, which may be especially important in determining causal associations with health outcomes from this and other adiposity-related hormones in breast milk.
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