ArticleSeminars in arthritis and rheumatism2019
Racial/ethnic variation in stroke rates and risks among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Article in Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of stroke in SLE: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The risk of ischemic stroke in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical rheumatology · 2021Pooled it
- Endothelial Dysfunction: Insights into Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-associated Cardiovascular Disease and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2026Review
- Sociodemographic and Hospital-Level Disparities in Cardiovascular Hospitalizations Among Adults With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.International journal of rheumatic diseases · 2025Article
- Neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's disease.Autoimmunity reviews · 2025Review
- Disparities in Lupus and the Role of Social Determinants of Health: Current State of Knowledge and Directions for Future Research.ACR open rheumatology · 2023Review
- Stroke: Molecular mechanisms and therapies: Update on recent developments.Neurochemistry international · 2023Review
- Article
- Comparative risks of cardiovascular disease events among SLE patients receiving immunosuppressive medications.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2021Article
- High Comorbidity Burden in Patients with SLE: Data from the Community-Based Lupus Registry of Crete.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Disparities in Lupus and Lupus Nephritis Care and Outcomes Among US Medicaid Beneficiaries.Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America · 2021Review
- Integrative Therapy Combining Chinese Herbal Medicines With Conventional Treatment Reduces the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Atrial Fibrillation/flutter Hospitalizations among US Medicaid Recipients with and without Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.The Journal of rheumatology · 2020Article
- Initial disease severity, cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2020Article
- Cerebrovascular Events in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Diagnosis and Management.Mediterranean journal of rheumatology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which is associated with increased stroke risk, is more prevalent and often more severe among Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics than Whites. We examined racial/ethnic variation in stroke rates and risks, overall and by hemorrhagic versus ischemic subtype, among SLE patients.
methodsWithin Medicaid (2000-2010), we identified patients aged 18-65 with SLE (≥ 3 ICD-9 710.0 codes, ≥ 30days apart) and ≥12 months of continuous enrollment. Subjects were followed from index date to first stroke event, death, disenrollment, or end of follow-up. Race/ethnicity-specific annual event rates were calculated for stroke overall and by subtypes (hemorrhagic vs. ischemic). We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of stroke by race/ethnicity, adjusting for comorbidities and the competing risk of death.
resultsOf 65,788 SLE patients, 93.1% were female. Racial/ethnic breakdown was 42% Black, 38% White, 16% Hispanic, 3% Asian, and 1% American Indian/Alaska Natives. Mean follow-up was 3.7 ± 3.0years. After multivariable adjustment, Blacks were at increased risk of overall stroke (HR 1.34 [95%CI 1.18-1.53), hemorrhagic stroke (HR 1.42 [1.00-2.01]), and ischemic stroke (HR 1.33 [1.15-1.52]) compared to Whites. Hispanics were at increased risk of overall stroke (HR 1.25 [1.06-1.47)] and hemorrhagic stroke (HR 1.79 [95% CI 1.22-2.61]), but not ischemic stroke, compared to Whites.
conclusionAmong SLE patients enrolled in Medicaid, we observed elevated stroke risk (overall and by subtype) among Blacks and Hispanics compared to Whites, suggesting the importance of early recognition and screening for stroke risk factors among Blacks and Hispanics.
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