ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2019
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States During the 2016-2017 Season.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 129 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does repeated influenza vaccination attenuate effectiveness? A systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023Pooled it
- The Use of Test-negative Controls to Monitor Vaccine Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of Methodology.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2020Pooled it
- Redirecting antibody responses from egg-adapted epitopes following repeat vaccination with recombinant or cell culture-based versus egg-based influenza vaccines.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Induction of Cross-Reactive Hemagglutination Inhibiting Antibody and Polyfunctional CD4+ T-Cell Responses by a Recombinant Matrix-M-Adjuvanted Hemagglutinin Nanoparticle Influenza Vaccine.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- An evaluation of a test-negative design for EV-71 vaccine from a randomized controlled trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against outpatient acute respiratory illness with laboratory-confirmed influenza, United States, 2024-25 season.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine against laboratory-confirmed influenza in elderly Chinese patients with diabetes: A test-negative design case-control study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- A protective and heterosubtypic antibody lineage targeting the influenza A virus neuraminidase active site.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Chronology of H3N2 human influenza virus surface glycoprotein adaptation from 1968 to 2019 reveals a surge of adaptation between 1997 and 2002.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Influenza vaccine strain selection with an AI-based evolutionary and antigenicity model.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Australia During 2017-2019.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Comparative Effectiveness of Licensed Influenza Vaccines in Preventing Influenza-related Medical Encounters and Hospitalizations in the 2022-2023 Influenza Season Among Adults ≥65 Years of Age.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Antigenic drift and subtype interference shape A(H3N2) epidemic dynamics in the United States.eLife · 2024Article
- Article
- Antigenic drift and subtype interference shape A(H3N2) epidemic dynamics in the United States.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine against laboratory-confirmed influenza among Chinese elderly: a test-negative design.BMC geriatrics · 2024Article
- Immunogenicity of Enhanced Influenza Vaccines Against Mismatched Influenza Strains in Older Adults: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Review
- Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn recent influenza seasons, the effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccines against circulating A(H3N2) virus has been lower than against A(H1N1)pdm09 and B viruses, even when circulating viruses remained antigenically similar to vaccine components.
methodsDuring the 2016-2017 influenza season, vaccine effectiveness (VE) across age groups and vaccine types was examined among outpatients with acute respiratory illness at 5 US sites using a test-negative design that compared the odds of vaccination among reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-confirmed influenza positives and negatives.
resultsAmong 7083 enrollees, 1342 (19%) tested positive for influenza A(H3N2), 648 (9%) were positive for influenza B (including B/Yamagata, n = 577), and 5040 (71%) were influenza negative. Vaccine effectiveness was 40% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32% to 46%) against any influenza virus, 33% (95% CI, 23% to 41%) against influenza A(H3N2) viruses, and 53% (95% CI, 43% to 61%) against influenza B viruses.
conclusionsThe 2016-2017 influenza vaccines provided moderate protection against any influenza among outpatients but were less protective against influenza A(H3N2) viruses than B viruses. Approaches to improving effectiveness against A(H3N2) viruses are needed.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.