ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2019
Estimation of Direct Healthcare Costs of Fungal Diseases in the United States.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 268 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
268 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 428 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antifungal Stewardship in Invasive Fungal Infections, a Systematic Review.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Pooled it
- Global prevalence, mortality, and main characteristics of HIV-associated pneumocystosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Exploring Early Antifungal Activity of Rezafungin as a Stepping-Stone for Shorter Treatment Duration for Candidemia: Pooled Analysis of 2 Randomized Trials.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Oral Ibrexafungerp for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Treatment: An Analysis of VANISH 303 and VANISH 306.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2023Trial
- On the mode of anti-Future science OA · 2026Article
- An integrated proteomics and transcriptomics analysis highlights concordance between protein turnover and carbohydrate transport and metabolism as key functional categories during the growth ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Identification of Invasive Aspergillosis in Electronic Health Records.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A comparative analysis estimating aspergillosis and histoplasmosis encounters among inpatients in the United States using multi-regional electronic health record and National Discharge Data, 2014-2020.AJE advances : research in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Actual Cost and Indonesian Case-Based Groups Rate in Inpatient Suspect of Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Aetiology.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2026Article
- A case for monitoring fungi of clinical relevance at beaches: enterococci measures do not correlate with all disease risks.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2026Article
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- Advances in vulvovaginal candidiasis research: a comprehensive review from epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment to resistance mechanisms.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Fast-tracking fungal detection: a rapid flow cytometric method for the detection of yeasts in blood cultures.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Rare fungal keratitis caused by plant pathogens: report of two cases and review of the literature.Frontiers in fungal biology · 2026Review
- The pathogenicity and future treatment strategies ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Anticandidal Effects ofCurrent pharmaceutical design · 2026Article
- Article
- The Vacuolar Protein 8 (Vac8) Homolog inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An optimized protocol forbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Nationwide epidemiology of candidiasis in Panama, 2010-2020.Scientific reports · 2025Article
208 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFungal diseases range from relatively-minor superficial and mucosal infections to severe, life-threatening systemic infections. Delayed diagnosis and treatment can lead to poor patient outcomes and high medical costs. The overall burden of fungal diseases in the United States is challenging to quantify, because they are likely substantially underdiagnosed.
methodsTo estimate the total, national, direct medical costs associated with fungal diseases from a healthcare payer perspective, we used insurance claims data from the Truven Health MarketScan 2014 Research Databases, combined with hospital discharge data from the 2014 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample and outpatient visit data from the 2005-2014 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. All costs were adjusted to 2017 dollars.
resultsWe estimate that fungal diseases cost more than $7.2 billion in 2017, including $4.5 billion from 75055 hospitalizations and $2.6 billion from 8993230 outpatient visits. Hospitalizations for Candida infections (n = 26735, total cost $1.4 billion) and Aspergillus infections (n = 14820, total cost $1.2 billion) accounted for the highest total hospitalization costs of any disease. Over half of outpatient visits were for dermatophyte infections (4981444 visits, total cost $802 million), and 3639037 visits occurred for non-invasive candidiasis (total cost $1.6 billion).
conclusionsFungal diseases impose a considerable economic burden on the healthcare system. Our results likely underestimate their true costs, because they are underdiagnosed. More comprehensive estimates of the public health impact of these diseases are needed to improve their recognition, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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