ReviewMolecular imaging
Emerging PET Radiotracers and Targets for Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Outlook Beyond TSPO.
Review in Molecular imaging. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 213 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brain Inflammatory Marker Abnormalities in Major Psychiatric Diseases: a Systematic Review of Postmortem Brain Studies.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Pooled it
- Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of molecular imaging of translocator protein in major depression.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Review
- Molecular Signaling Pathways in Depression and Neuroinflammation: Focus on New Pathophysiological Proteins and Therapeutic Compounds.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Microglia heterogeneity in vascular dementia pathology.iScience · 2026Review
- Multi-Dimensional Transcriptomics Reveals the Prominent Role of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Anti-inflammatory treatment confirms rsfMRI and TSPO PET as biomarkers of functional connectivity and neuroinflammation in rat contusion spinal cord injuries.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Microglia Mitochondrial Metabolism in Neurological Diseases.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Neurogenesis and Neuroinflammation in Dialogue: Mapping Gaps, Modulating Microglia, Rewiring Aging.Cells · 2026Review
- Peripheral and central inflammation associated with progressive cognitive decline in dementia with Lewy bodies.Brain communications · 2026Article
- IND-Enabling Preclinical Studies of [Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents · 2025Article
- DTX1 Modulates Microglial M1 Polarization and Exacerbates Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury Model Rats through NF-κB/IRF5.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- IND-Enabling Preclinical Studies of [11C]COU, a Trapped Metabolite PET Radiotracer for Monoamine Oxidase-B.Research square · 2025Article
- Imaging markers of neuroinflammation in aging and Alzheimer's disease and related dementia: A comprehensive review.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Radiosynthesis and Evaluation ofACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Article
- The Future of PET Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis: Characterisation of Individual White Matter Lesions.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Current advances in the structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of the old/new 18-kDa translocator protein ligands.Molecular diversity · 2025Review
- Multiorgan Imaging for Interorgan Crosstalk in Cardiometabolic Diseases.Circulation research · 2025Review
- PET Imaging of a Transgenic Tau Rat Model SHR24 with [Molecular imaging and biology · 2025Article
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The dynamic and multicellular processes of neuroinflammation are mediated by the nonneuronal cells of the central nervous system, which include astrocytes and the brain's resident macrophages, microglia. Although initiation of an inflammatory response may be beneficial in response to injury of the nervous system, chronic or maladaptive neuroinflammation can have harmful outcomes in many neurological diseases. An acute neuroinflammatory response is protective when activated neuroglia facilitate tissue repair by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors. On the other hand, chronic neuroglial activation is a major pathological mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases, likely contributing to neuronal dysfunction, injury, and disease progression. Therefore, the development of specific and sensitive probes for positron emission tomography (PET) studies of neuroinflammation is attracting immense scientific and clinical interest. An early phase of this research emphasized PET studies of the prototypical imaging biomarker of glial activation, translocator protein-18 kDa (TSPO), which presents difficulties for quantitation and lacks absolute cellular specificity. Many alternate molecular targets present themselves for PET imaging of neuroinflammation in vivo, including enzymes, intracellular signaling molecules as well as ionotropic, G-protein coupled, and immunoglobulin receptors. We now review the lead structures in radiotracer development for PET studies of neuroinflammation targets for neurodegenerative diseases extending beyond TSPO, including glycogen synthase kinase 3, monoamine oxidase-B, reactive oxygen species, imidazoline-2 binding sites, cyclooxygenase, the phospholipase A2/arachidonic acid pathway, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1, cannabinoid-2 receptor, the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, purinergic receptors: P2X
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.