ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2019
Influenza Hemagglutination-inhibition Antibody Titer as a Mediator of Vaccine-induced Protection for Influenza B.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hemagglutination-Inhibition Antibodies and Protection against Influenza Elicited by Inactivated and Live Attenuated Vaccines in Children.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Antibody Titers as Mediators of Influenza Vaccine Efficacy Against Symptomatic Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B/Victoria Virus Infections.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Anti-influenza hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin for adults with influenza A or B infection (FLU-IVIG): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2019Trial
- Influenza.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Quantitative relationship between cycle threshold values and infectious influenza virus in patient nasopharyngeal samples.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- CAPYBARA: A generalizable framework for predicting serological measurements across human cohorts.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- The Decline in Influenza Antibody Titers and Modifiers of Vaccine Immunity from over Ten Years of Serological Data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
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- First Among Equals: The Case for High-quality Clinical Data in Influenza Vaccines.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- H3 hemagglutinin proteins optimized for 2018 to 2022 elicit neutralizing antibodies across panels of modern influenza A(H3N2) viruses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Estimating Standard-Dose and High-Dose Fluzone Vaccine Efficacies for Influenza A Based on Hemagglutination Inhibition Titers.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Systems serology-based comparison of humoral immune responses induced by liposome or aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Designs for Vaccine Studies.Annual review of statistics and its application · 2025Article
- Antibody responses against influenza A decline with successive years of annual influenza vaccination.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Development of an intranasal, universal influenza vaccine in an EU-funded public-private partnership: the FLUniversal consortium.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Humoral Correlates of Protection Against Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Measures of Population Immunity Can Predict the Dominant Clade of Influenza A (H3N2) in the 2017-2018 Season and Reveal Age-Associated Differences in Susceptibility and Antibody-Binding Specificity.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Measures of population immunity can predict the dominant clade of influenza A (H3N2) in the 2017-2018 season and reveal age-associated differences in susceptibility and antibody-binding specificity.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay is an established correlate of protection for the inactivated influenza vaccine. However, the proportion of vaccine-induced protection that is mediated by the post-vaccination HAI titer has not been assessed.
methodsWe used data from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a split-virion inactivated influenza vaccine in children aged 6-17 years. Sera were collected before and 30 days after receipt of vaccination or placebo and tested by the HAI assay against B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage). We fitted Cox proportional hazards models to the time to laboratory-confirmed influenza B. We used causal mediation analysis to estimate the proportion of the total effect of vaccination that was mediated by higher HAI titers.
resultsWe estimated that vaccine efficacy against confirmed B/Victoria infection was 68% (95% confidence interval, 33%, 88%), and post-vaccination HAI titers explained 57% of the effect of vaccination on protection.
conclusionsThe majority of the effect of inactivated influenza vaccination in children is mediated by the increased HAI titer after vaccination; however, other components of the immune response to vaccination may also play a role in protection and should be further explored. Causal mediation analysis provides a framework to quantify the role of various mediators of protection.
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