ReviewNutrients2018
Sex-Specific Human Milk Composition: The Role of Infant Sex in Determining Early Life Nutrition.
Review in Nutrients, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Factors Associated With the Microbiome in Moderate-Late Preterm Babies: A Cohort Study From the DIAMOND Randomized Controlled Trial.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Trial
- Epigenome-Wide Association of Infant Feeding and Changes in DNA Methylation from Birth to 10 Years.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Maternal obesity during lactation as a hypertensive cardiovascular risk factor in the offspring.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Human Milk from Breastfeeding Bangladeshi Women Reveals Amino Acid Metabolic Pathways Associated with Maternal Nutritional Status and Infant Growth.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Diurnal rhythms in melatonin and cortisol in very preterm human milk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Sexual Dimorphism in Preterm Milk: A Step Toward the Individualized Fortification of Mother's Own Milk?Nutrients · 2025Article
- Factors That May Affect Breast Milk Macronutrient and Energy Content: A Critical Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- From Mother-Fetus Dyad to Mother-Milk-Infant Triad: Sex Differences in Macronutrient Composition of Breast Milk.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Maternal and Infant Predictors of Human Milk Macronutrient and Energy Concentrations in Rural Bangladesh: An Observational Cohort Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Observational
- Impact of Breastfeeding Practices on Autistic Traits in Chinese Children Aged from 3 to 4 Years: Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Breastfeeding and parents' socioeconomic status buffer dental developmental stress in female infants.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2025Article
- The effects of breastfeeding duration on children's behavior problems at around 3 years of age.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- The Effect of Cannabis Consumption During Lactation on the Macronutrient Concentrations in Breast Milk.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2025Article
- Associations between breastfeeding duration and weight status transitions in early childhood.PloS one · 2025Article
- Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with human milk metabolomic profiles in a rural North American cohort.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2024Article
- Influence of Early Life Factors on the Breast Milk and Fecal Microbiota of Mother-Newborn Dyads.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Investigation of Relationships between Intakes of Human Milk Total Lipids and Metabolic Hormones and Infant Sex and Body Composition.Nutrients · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Male and female infants respond differentially to environmental stimuli, with different growth and neurodevelopmental trajectories. Male infants are more likely to be disadvantaged when subjected to adversity and show a higher risk of perinatal complications. However, the underlying causes of this sex-bias are not well defined and optimising the early life nutritional care may be necessary to minimise the "male disadvantage" that may be experienced early in life. Experimental models have demonstrated that animal milk composition differs according to offspring sex, suggesting that the tailoring of early life nutrition may be one mechanism to maximise health protection and development to infants of both sexes. However, evidence for a sex-specificity in human milk composition is limited and conflicting, with studies documenting higher milk energy content for either male or female infants. These data show sex differences, however, there has been limited compositional analysis of the current data nor strategies proposed for how sex-specific compositional differences in early life nutrition may be used to improve infant health. The present narrative review highlights that an improved understanding of sex-specific human milk composition is essential for promoting optimal infant growth and development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.