ArticlePhysiological measurement2018
An open source benchmarked toolbox for cardiovascular waveform and interval analysis.
Article in Physiological measurement, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 134 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
134 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Publication guidelines for human heart rate and heart rate variability studies in psychophysiology-Part 1: Physiological underpinnings and foundations of measurement.Psychophysiology · 2024Guideline
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- Robust Estimation of Respiratory Variability Uncovers Correlates of Limbic Brain Activity and Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Context of Traumatic Stress.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2022Trial
- Quantifying acute physiological biomarkers of transcutaneous cervical vagal nerve stimulation in the context of psychological stress.Brain stimulationTrial
- Dose-dependent cardiac autonomic dysregulation under classroom crowding: heart rate variability analysis and machine learning classification.Journal of physiological anthropology · 2026Article
- From electrocardiography to energetics: methods, constraints, and practical considerations for heart rate biologging in small animals.Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology · 2026Review
- Task-Evoked Functional Activation and Coupling With CSF Flow Detected in the Human Brain With Ultrashort Echo Time fMRI at 7 T.NMR in biomedicine · 2026Article
- Developing Context-Appropriate Emotions: Longitudinal Changes in Emotion Reactivity and Emotion Regulation From 6 to 12 Months.Developmental science · 2026Article
- Using a Virtual Reality CAVE-Based Mindfulness Intervention to Promote Mental Well-Being in Adolescents With Anxiety Symptoms: Pre-Post Mixed Methods Pilot Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Heart rate monitoring using wrist photoplethysmography in Parkinson disease: feasibility and relation with autonomic dysfunction.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Autonomic Function and Cerebral Autoregulation in Children Receiving Extracorporeal Life Support.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Vascular age estimation using a consumer wearable sleep tracker.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Cardiorespiratory phase synchronization maturational trajectory: biomarker of autonomic nervous system development in preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Multimodal Evaluation of Mental Workload and Engagement in Upper-Limb Robot-Assisted Motor Tasks.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Short-term heart rate variability is preserved in Parkinson's disease under atomoxetine.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Federated Function-on-function Regression with an Efficient Gradient Boosting Algorithm for Privacy-Preserving Telemedicine.IEEE transactions on automation science and engineering : a publication of the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Fetal Heart Monitoring: Leveraging Neural Sequential Modeling for Ultrasound Analysis.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2026Article
- Sinus rhythm maintenance in persistent atrial fibrillation: 12-lead ECG multiscale entropy characterization.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2026Article
- Signal Quality Assessment and Reconstruction of PPG-Derived Signals for Heart Rate and Variability Estimation in In-Vehicle Applications: A Comparative Review and Empirical Validation.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Inflammation from mild COVID-19 results in persistent neurological and behavioral changes in rhesus macaques.Research square · 2025Article
74 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis work aims to validate a set of data processing methods for variability metrics, which hold promise as potential indicators for autonomic function, prediction of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, psychophysiological status, and general wellness. Although the investigation of heart rate variability (HRV) has been prevalent for several decades, the methods used for preprocessing, windowing, and choosing appropriate parameters lacks consensus among academic and clinical investigators. Moreover, many of the important steps are omitted from publications, preventing reproducibility. APPROACH: To address this, we have compiled a comprehensive and open-source modular toolbox for calculating HRV metrics and other related variability indices, on both raw cardiovascular time series and RR intervals. The software, known as the PhysioNet Cardiovascular Signal Toolbox, is implemented in the MATLAB programming language, with standard (open) input and output formats, and requires no external libraries. The functioning of our software is compared with other widely used and referenced HRV toolboxes to identify important differences. MAIN
resultsOur findings demonstrate how modest differences in the approach to HRV analysis can lead to divergent results, a factor that might have contributed to the lack of repeatability of studies and clinical applicability of HRV metrics. SIGNIFICANCE: Existing HRV toolboxes do not include standardized preprocessing, signal quality indices (for noisy segment removal), and abnormal rhythm detection and are therefore likely to lead to significant errors in the presence of moderate to high noise or arrhythmias. We therefore describe the inclusion of validated tools to address these issues. We also make recommendations for default values and testing/reporting.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.