ReviewProgress in neurobiology2019
Small cells with big implications: Microglia and sex differences in brain development, plasticity and behavioral health.
Review in Progress in neurobiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sexually Dimorphic Neuroimmune Pathways in Chronic Pain: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms.Biomolecules · 2026Pooled it
- Bioactive dietary polyphenols modulate hippocampal inflammasome activation and sex-specific affective behavioral deficits following peripheral Foxp3Research square · 2026Article
- PARP Inhibition with 3-Aminobenzimide Attenuates Behavioral, Cardiovascular, and Neuroinflammatory Effects of Chronic Stress.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mild pediatric traumatic brain injury has sex-specific effects on neuroimmune cells and social behavior in rats.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sex differences in endothelial cell biology: cellular phenotypes and molecular regulators.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Hormonal contraceptives in adolescence impact the neuroimmune environment of the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in female rats.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Sex and Region-Specific Differences in Microglial Morphology and Function Across Development.Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The central role of microglia in major depressive disorder and its potential as a therapeutic target.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2025Review
- Developmental functions of microglia: Impact of psychosocial and physiological early life stress.Neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Quantifying microglial morphology: an insight into function.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2024Review
- Modulation of Microglial Function by ATP-Gated P2X7 Receptors: Studies in Rat, Mice and Human.Cells · 2024Review
- Hematological and inflammatory markers in Han Chinese patients with drug-free schizophrenia: relationship with symptom severity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- A higher dysregulation burden of brain DNA methylation in female patients implicated in the sex bias of Schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Article
- Noteworthy perspectives on microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Review
- A 14-day pulse of PLX5622 modifies α-synucleinopathy in preformed fibril-infused aged mice of both sexes.Neurobiology of disease · 2023Article
- Stressed Microglia: Neuroendocrine-Neuroimmune Interactions in the Stress Response.Endocrinology · 2023Review
- Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of microglia in substance use disorders.Molecular and cellular neurosciences · 2023Review
- β-Adrenoceptor Blockade Moderates Neuroinflammation in Male and Female EAE Rats and Abrogates Sexual Dimorphisms in the Major Neuroinflammatory Pathways by Being More Efficient in Males.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Article
- The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men with Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- A Higher Dysregulation Burden of Brain DNA Methylation in Female Patients Implicated in the Sex Bias of Schizophrenia.Research square · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Brain sex differences are programmed largely by sex hormone secretions and direct sex chromosome effects in early life, and are subsequently modulated by early life experiences. The brain's resident immune cells, called microglia, actively contribute to brain development. Recent research has shown that microglia are sexually dimorphic, especially during early life, and may participate in sex-specific organization of the brain and behavior. Likewise, sex differences in immune cells and their signaling in the adult brain have been found, although in most cases their function remains unclear. Additionally, immune cells and their signaling have been implicated in many disorders in which brain development or plasticity is altered, including autism, schizophrenia, pain disorders, major depression, and postpartum depression. This review summarizes what is currently known about sex differences in neuroimmune function in development and during other major phases of brain plasticity, as well as the current state of knowledge regarding sex-specific neuroimmune function in psychiatric disorders.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.