ReviewFrontiers in immunology2018
Limited Innovations After More Than 65 Years of Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy: Potential of IgA- and IgM-Enriched Formulations to Prevent Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infections.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-allergic Hypersensitivity Reactions to Immunoglobulin Preparations in Antibody Deficiencies: What Role for Anti-IgA IgG and Complement Activation?Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Bifidobacterium-driven immunoglobulin A production in pediatric patients with IgA deficiency and recurrent respiratory tract infections.Microbiome · 2026Article
- Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in cancer progression: a critical role and potential therapeutic target.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2025Review
- Levels of Natural Antibodies Before and After Immunoglobulin Replacement Treatment Affect the Clinical Phenotype in Common Variable Immunodeficiency.Journal of clinical immunology · 2024Article
- Charting a course for global progress in PIDs by 2030 - proceedings from the IPOPI global multi-stakeholders' summit (September 2023).Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Review
- Selective IgM Deficiency: Evidence, Controversies, and Gaps.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Fecal Immunoglobulin Levels as a Modifier of the Gut Microbiome in Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency.Journal of clinical immunology · 2023Article
- RefractoryInfection and drug resistance · 2023Article
- Antibody diversity in IVIG: Therapeutic opportunities for novel immunotherapeutic drugs.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- A new hope? Possibilities of therapeutic IgA antibodies in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Hypogammaglobulinaemia following rituximab therapy in childhood nephrotic syndrome.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2022Article
- Neonatal sepsis and transient immunodeficiency: Potential for novel immunoglobulin therapies?Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- The Role of IgA in Chronic Upper Airway Disease: Friend or Foe?Frontiers in allergy · 2022Review
- The Functional Role of IgA in the IgM/IgA-Enriched Immunoglobulin Preparation Trimodulin.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- The Epidemiology and Clinical Presentations of Atopic Diseases in Selective IgA Deficiency.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Association of Rituximab Use With Adverse Events in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- Immunomodulation: Immunoglobulin Preparations Suppress Hyperinflammation in a COVID-19 ModelFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Multi-Micronutrient Supplementation and Immunoglobulin Response in Well-Fed Firefighters.Sports medicine international open · 2021Article
- Chronic Lung Disease in Primary Antibody Deficiency: Diagnosis and Management.Immunology and allergy clinics of North America · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Patients with primary immunoglobulin deficiency have lower immunoglobulin levels or decreased immunoglobulin function, which makes these patients more susceptible to bacterial infection. Most prevalent are the selective IgA deficiencies (~1:3,000), followed by common variable immune deficiency (~1:25,000). Agammaglobulinemia is less common (~1:400,000) and is characterized by very low or no immunoglobulin production resulting in a more severe disease phenotype. Therapy for patients with agammaglobulinemia mainly relies on prophylactic antibiotics and the use of IgG replacement therapy, which successfully reduces the frequency of invasive bacterial infections. Currently used immunoglobulin preparations contain only IgG. As a result, concurrent IgA and IgM deficiency persist in a large proportion of agammaglobulinemia patients. Especially patients with IgM deficiency remain at risk for recurrent infections at mucosal surfaces, which includes the respiratory tract. IgA and IgM have multiple functions in the protection against bacterial infections at the mucosal surface. Because of their multimeric structure, both IgA and IgM are able to agglutinate bacteria efficiently. Agglutination allows for entrapment of bacteria in mucus that increases clearance from the respiratory tract. IgA is also important for blocking bacterial adhesion by interfering with bacterial adhesion receptors. IgM in its place is very well capable of activating complement, therefore, it is thought to be important in complement-mediated protection at the mucosal surface. The purpose of this Mini Review is to highlight the latest advances regarding IgA- and IgM-enriched immunoglobulin replacement therapy. We describe the different IgA- and IgM-enriched IgG formulations, their possible modes of action and potential to protect against respiratory tract infections in patients with primary immunoglobulin deficiencies.
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