ReviewPharmacology & therapeutics2019
TSPO in diverse CNS pathologies and psychiatric disease: A critical review and a way forward.
Review in Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- In vivo multimodal PET/MRI imaging and plasma biomarkers implicate glymphatic dysfunction linking neuroinflammation to tau pathology in the early Alzheimer's disease continuum.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Benzoxazolone-based FITC-conjugated fluorescent probe for locating in-vivo expression level of translocator protein (TSPO) during lung inflammation.Molecular diversity · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the neuroimmune response following heavy, binge-like alcohol exposure in adolescent rats.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Article
- Nuclear Medicine Imaging Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease: Past, Present, and Future Directions.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- IND-Enabling Preclinical Studies of [Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents · 2025Article
- TSPO contributes to neuropathology and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- IND-Enabling Preclinical Studies of [11C]COU, a Trapped Metabolite PET Radiotracer for Monoamine Oxidase-B.Research square · 2025Article
- Advance and Prospect of Positron Emission Tomography in Alzheimer's disease research.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- Cholesterol metabolic reprogramming mediates microglia-induced chronic neuroinflammation and hinders neurorestoration following stroke.Nature metabolism · 2025Article
- Decoding Thalamic Glial Interplay in Multiple Sclerosis Through Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Positron Emission Tomography.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Amyloid-β plaque-associated microglia drive TSPO upregulation in Alzheimer's disease.Acta neuropathologica · 2025Article
- Post-mortem validation of in vivo TSPO PET as a microglial biomarker.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neuropathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Preclinical characterization of [Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2025Article
- Beyond the Surface: Tracing the Evolution of Inflammatory Mechanism in Depression through Bibliometric Analysis.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Food for thought: probiotic modulation of microglial activity in Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Review
- Nicotine is an Immunosuppressant: Implications for Women's Health and Disease.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2024Review
- Shifts in the spatiotemporal profile of inflammatory phenotypes of innate immune cells in the rat brain following acute intoxication with the organophosphate diisopropylfluorophosphate.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- TSPO Radioligands for Neuroinflammation: An Overview.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The use of Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) as a clinical neuroimaging biomarker of brain injury and neuroinflammation has increased exponentially in the last decade. There has been a furious pace in the development of new radiotracers for TSPO positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and its use has now been extensively described in many neurological and mental disorders. This fast pace of research and the ever-increasing number of new laboratories entering the field often times lack an appreciation of the historical perspective of the field and introduce dogmatic, but unproven facts, related to the underlying neurobiology of the TSPO response to brain injury and neuroinflammation. Paradoxically, while in neurodegenerative disorders and in all types of CNS pathologies brain TSPO levels increase, a new observation in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia is decreased brain levels of TSPO measured by PET. The neurobiological bases for this new finding is currently not known, but rigorous experimental design using multiple experimental approaches and careful interpretation of results is critically important to provide the methodological and/or biological underpinnings to this new observation. This review provides a perspective of the early history of validating TSPO as a biomarker of brain injury and neuroinflammation and a critical analysis of controversial topics in the literature related to the cellular sources of the TSPO response. The latter is important in order to provide the correct interpretation of PET studies in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, this review proposes some yet to be explored explanations to new findings in psychiatric disorders and new approaches to quantitatively assess the glial sources of the TSPO response in order to move the field forward.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.