ArticleNeurosurgery2019
Cytokine Microdialysis for Real-Time Immune Monitoring in Glioblastoma Patients Undergoing Checkpoint Blockade.
Article in Neurosurgery, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Biomarkers for predicting immunotherapy response and resistance in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Overcoming immunotherapy barriers in pediatric brain tumors: epigenetic strategies.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Review
- Glioblastoma and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Glance at Available Treatment Options and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives.Cancers · 2024Review
- Treatment advances in high-grade gliomas.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Methodological and analytical considerations for intra-operative microdialysis.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2023Article
- Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in intensive care unit.Journal of intensive medicine · 2023Review
- Glioma Metabolic Feedback In Situ: A First-In-Human Pharmacodynamic Trial of Difluoromethylornithine + AMXT-1501 Through High-Molecular Weight Microdialysis.Neurosurgery · 2023Article
- Review
- Blood-brain barrier disruption defines the extracellular metabolome of live human high-grade gliomas.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-Related Genes in Tumour Immune Cell Infiltration and Prognosis of Cutaneous Melanoma.BioMed research international · 2023Article
- Cell-based and cell-free immunotherapies for glioblastoma: current status and future directions.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Clinical landscape of LAG-3-targeted therapy.Immuno-oncology technology · 2022Review
- Glioblastoma: Pitfalls and Opportunities of Immunotherapeutic Combinations.OncoTargets and therapy · 2022Review
- Machine Learning Analysis of Immune Cells for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Cutaneous Melanoma.Journal of oncology · 2022Article
- Microdialysis and microperfusion electrodes in neurologic disease monitoring.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2021Review
- Understanding the brain uptake and permeability of small molecules through the BBB: A technical overview.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGlioblastoma is the most common primary malignancy of the brain, with a dismal prognosis. Immunomodulation via checkpoint inhibition has provided encouraging results in non-CNS malignancies, but prediction of responders has proven to be challenging in glioblastoma patients.
objectiveTo determine the proportion of patients who have a measurable increase of interferon gamma levels in brain tumor tissue after their first dose of nivolumab, and to evaluate the safety of using brain tumor microdialysis to monitor for immune response while evaluating the safety of the combination of anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) and anti-lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) checkpoint inhibition.
methodsThe study design is a single-center, nonrandomized phase 1 clinical trial. Up to 15 adult patients with recurrent glioblastoma will be enrolled with the goal of 10 patients completing the trial over an anticipated 18 mo. Patients will undergo biopsy; placement of microdialysis catheters and lumbar drains; treatment with anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibition; comprehensive immune biomarker collection; tumor resection; and then treatment with anti-PD-1 and anti-LAG-3 checkpoint inhibition until progression. EXPECTED OUTCOMES: We expect interferon gamma levels to increase in the brain as measured via microdialysis in treated patients. Based on published reports, microdialysis in this patient population is expected to be safe, and anti-LAG-3 and anti-PD-1 combined will likely have a similar side effect profile to other checkpoint inhibitor combinations. DISCUSSION: The failure of recent trials of immune therapies in glioblastoma underscores the need to appropriately measure response in the treated tissue. This trial may provide insight on indicators of which patients will respond to immune therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.