ReviewEnvironmental health perspectives2018
Environmental Chemicals in Breast Milk and Formula: Exposure and Risk Assessment Implications.
Review in Environmental health perspectives, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Public health evaluation of PFAS exposures and breastfeeding: a systematic literature review.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2023Pooled it
- The Concentration of Essential and Non-Essential Elements of Colostrum, Correlation with Blood Samples of calves, Estimated Daily Intakes and Supplemental Ratio.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in breast milk and early life exposure for infants in the United States.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and adolescent bone mineral density: assessing periods of susceptibility.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Bibliometric and visual analysis of global research on endocrine-disrupting chemicals and children's health: evidence, emerging concerns, and research gaps.Global health action · 2025Article
- Maternal-Fetal Transfer and Toxicokinetics of 2,2',5,5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, [Chemical research in toxicology · 2025Article
- Aflatoxin Exposure in Immunocompromised Patients: Current State and Future Perspectives.Toxins · 2025Review
- Identification of nanoparticle infiltration in human breast milk: Chemical profiles and trajectory pathways.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Micro- and Nanoplastics and Fetal Health: Challenges in Assessment and Evidence from Epidemiological Studies.Toxics · 2025Review
- Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with human milk metabolomic profiles in a rural North American cohort.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2024Article
- Environmental phenol exposures in 6- to 12-week-old infants: The Infant Feeding and Early Development (IFED) study.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Machine Learning Models for Prediction of Xenobiotic Chemicals with High Propensity to Transfer into Human Milk.ACS omega · 2024Article
- Pollutants in Breast Milk: A Scoping Review of the Most Recent Data in 2024.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Best for Whom? Heterogeneous Treatment Effects of Breastfeeding on Child Development.Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation · 2024Article
- Lactational exposure of human infants to metal(loid)s in Sub-Saharan Africa and Mediterranean Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Current research in toxicology · 2024Review
- Effect of bariatric surgery in the body burden of persistent and non-persistent pollutants: longitudinal study in a cohort of morbidly obese patients.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Emerging and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Breastfed Chinese Infants: Renal Clearance, Body Burden, and Implications.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Black carbon particles in human breast milk: assessing infant's exposure.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Perspective: Human Milk Composition and Related Data for National Health and Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHuman health risk assessment methods have advanced in recent years to more accurately estimate risks associated with exposure during childhood. However, predicting risks related to infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula remains challenging.
objectivesOur goal was to compile available information on infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula, describe methods to characterize infant exposure and potential for health risk in the context of a risk assessment, and identify research needed to improve risk analyses based on this type of exposure and health risk information.
methodsWe reviewed recent literature on levels of environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula, with a focus on data from the United States. We then selected three example publications that quantified infant exposure using breast milk or formula chemical concentrations and estimated breast milk or formula intake. The potential for health risk from these dietary exposures was then characterized by comparison with available health risk benchmarks. We identified areas of this approach in need of improvement to better characterize the potential for infant health risk from this critical exposure pathway. DISCUSSION: Measurements of chemicals in breast milk and formula are integral to the evaluation of risk from early life dietary exposures to environmental chemicals. Risk assessments may also be informed by research investigating the impact of chemical exposure on developmental processes known to be active, and subject to disruption, during infancy, and by analysis of exposure-response data specific to the infant life stage. Critical data gaps exist in all of these areas.
conclusionsBetter-designed studies are needed to characterize infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and infant formula as well as to improve risk assessments of chemicals found in both foods. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1953.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.