ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2018
Serum progesterone distribution in normal pregnancies compared to pregnancies complicated by threatened miscarriage from 5 to 13 weeks gestation: a prospective cohort study.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Progestogen therapy in threatened miscarriage and unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: Recommendations by the Thai interest group.The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · 2025Guideline
- Efficacy and safety of Gushen Antai Pills combined with dydrogesterone in the treatment of threatened miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Progesterone supplementation in natural cycles improves live birth rates after embryo transfer of frozen-thawed embryos-a randomized controlled trial.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2022Trial
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Cerebral Meningioma.Cancers · 2026Review
- Progesterone levels on the day of the β-hCG test predict pregnancy outcomes in FET cycles.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A multivariable risk prediction model for pregnancies of uncertain viability without a fetal pole: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Gender-Dependent Effect of Progesterone on the Expression of Metallothionein Genes in Rat Inguinal Adipose Tissue.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Weekly changes in serumThe Journal of international medical research · 2025Article
- Does Corpus Luteum Doppler Have a Role in Prognostic Prediction for Outcome with Threatened Abortion?Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Progesterone decline threshold in predicting early pregnancy loss: a retrospective study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Untargeted metabolomics reveals key pathways in miscarriage: steroid, folate, fatty acid & glycosaminoglycan metabolism.npj women's health · 2025Article
- A risk prediction model of spontaneous miscarriage in women with threatened miscarriage: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Ectopic pregnancy.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2024Review
- Progesterone in frozen embryo transfer cycles: assays, circulating concentrations, metabolites, and molecular action.F&S reports · 2024Article
- The predictive value of ultrasound markers for pregnancy outcomes in recurrent pregnancy loss: a retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Current Ovulation and Luteal Phase Tracking Methods and Technologies for Fertility and Family Planning: A Review.Seminars in reproductive medicine · 2024Review
- Exploring Progesterone Deficiency in First-Trimester Miscarriage and the Impact of Hormone Therapy on Foetal Development: A Scoping Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Animal models of postpartum hemorrhage.Lab animal · 2024Review
- Luteal phase support in assisted reproductive technology.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Effects of different anesthesia methods on labor process and postpartum serum estrogen and progesterone levels in primiparas with painless labor.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundProgesterone is a critical hormone in early pregnancy. A low level of serum progesterone is associated with threatened miscarriage. We aim to establish the distribution of maternal serum progesterone in normal pregnancies compared to pregnancies complicated by threatened miscarriage from 5 to 13 weeks gestation.
methodsThis is a single centre, prospective cohort study of 929 patients. Women from the Normal Pregnancy [NP] cohort were recruited from antenatal clinics, and those in the Threatened Miscarriage [TM] cohort were recruited from emergency walk-in clinics. Women with multiple gestations, missed, incomplete or inevitable miscarriage were excluded from the study. Quantile regression was used to characterize serum progesterone levels in the NP and TM cohorts by estimating the 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles from 5 to 13 weeks gestation. Pregnancy outcome was determined at 16 weeks of gestation. Subgroup analysis within the TM group compared progesterone levels of women who subsequently miscarried with those who had ongoing pregnancies at 16 weeks of gestation.
resultsMedian serum progesterone concentration demonstrated a linearly increasing trend from 57.5 nmol/L to 80.8 nmol/L from 5 to 13 weeks gestation in the NP cohort. In the TM cohort, median serum progesterone concentration increased from 41.7 nmol/L to 78.1 nmol/L. However, median progesterone levels were uniformly lower in the TM cohort by approximately 10 nmol/L at every gestation week. In the subgroup analysis, median serum progesterone concentration in women with ongoing pregnancy at 16 weeks gestation demonstrated a linearly increasing trend from 5 to 13 weeks gestation. There was a marginal and non-significant increase in serum progesterone from 19.0 to 30.3 nmol/L from 5 to 13 weeks gestation in women who eventually had a spontaneous miscarriage.
conclusionsSerum progesterone concentration increased linearly with gestational age from 5 to 13 weeks in women with normal pregnancies. Women with spontaneous miscarriage showed a marginal and non-significant increase in serum progesterone. This study highlights the pivotal role of progesterone in supporting an early pregnancy, with lower serum progesterone associated with threatened miscarriage and a subsequent complete miscarriage at 16 weeks gestation.
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