ArticleInterdisciplinary toxicology2018
Advances in acute toxicity testing: strengths, weaknesses and regulatory acceptance.
Article in Interdisciplinary toxicology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 313 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Advances in the application of computational toxicology in cosmetic safety assessment.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- The Hidden Threat of Pharmaceuticals: Ketoprofen Degradation and Toxicity to Non-Target Organisms.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Safety Assessment of the Ethanolic Seed Extract ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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- Vitrification and rapid rewarming of precision-cut liver slices for pharmacological and biomedical research.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Article
- Determination of the Lethal Concentrations of Two Phenolic Acid Derivatives Originated From the Edible Red Marine Macroalga (Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
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- From Genetic Engineering to Preclinical Safety: A Study on Recombinant Human Interferons.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
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- Identification of chrysin derivatives anticancer potential in MCF7 cells: biological insights and in silico evaluation.Future medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Toxicological and antioxidant evaluations of the effects of different drying temperatures of the calyx ofFood science and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Confrontations of the Pathogenic Fungus Colletotrichum graminicola With a Biocontrol Bacterium or a Ubiquitous Fungus Trigger Synthesis of Secondary Metabolites With Lead Structures of Synthetic Fungicides.Environmental microbiology · 2025Article
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- Local Hemostatic and Wound-Healing Agent in a Liquid Dosage Form.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2025Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Safety assessment of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food and food ingredients, cosmetics, industrial products is very crucial prior to their approval for human uses. Since the commencement of toxicity testing (about 500 years ago, since 1520), significant advances have been made with respect to the 3Rs (reduction, refinement and replacement) alternative approaches. This review is focused on the update in acute systemic toxicity testing of chemicals. Merits and demerits of these advances were also highlighted. Traditional LD50 test methods are being suspended while new methods are developed and endorsed by the regulatory body. Based on the refinement and reduction approaches, the regulatory body has approved fixed dose procedure (FDP), acute toxic class (ATC) method and up and down procedure (UDP) which involves few numbers of animals. In terms of replacement approach, the regulatory body approved 3T3 neutral red uptake (NRU), the normal human keratinocyte (NHK), and the 3T3 neutral red uptake (NRU) phototoxicity test for acute phototoxicity. However, other promising replacement alternatives such as organ on chip seeded with human cells for acute systemic toxicity and 3T3 neutral red uptake (NRU) cytotoxicity test for identifying substances not requiring classification, as well as the in silico approaches are yet to receive regulatory approval. With this backdrop, a collaborative effort is required from the academia, industries, regulatory agencies, government and scientific organizations to ensure speedily regulatory approval of the prospective alternatives highlighted.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.