ArticleNutrients2018
Expression of Granulisyn, Perforin and Granzymes in Human Milk over Lactation and in the Case of Maternal Infection.
Article in Nutrients, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Legacy of COVID-19 in Breast Milk: The Association of Elevated Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Proteins with Vaccination or Infection.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Human breastmilk memory T cells throughout lactation manifest activated tissue-oriented profile with prominent regulation.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Gut Microbiota and Microbial Metabolism in Early Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease.Circulation research · 2023Review
- Analysing the protection from respiratory tract infections and allergic diseases early in life by human milk components: the PRIMA birth cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Observational
- Human Breast Milk: From Food to Active Immune Response With Disease Protection in Infants and Mothers.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Review
- Characterization and comparative analysis of transcriptional profiles of porcine colostrum and mature milk at different parities.BMC genomic data · 2021Article
- Human Breast Milk: Bioactive Components, from Stem Cells to Health Outcomes.Current nutrition reports · 2020Review
- Identification of Gene Modules and Hub Genes Involved in Mastitis Development Using a Systems Biology Approach.Frontiers in genetics · 2020Article
- Breastfeeding and Human Lactation.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Development of the Gut Microbiome in Children, and Lifetime Implications for Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Re-thinking benign inflammation of the lactating breast: A mechanobiological model.Women's health (London, England)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Human milk has been previously found to contain various types of leukocytes however specific characteristics of these cells, such as whether they contain cytolytic antimicrobial proteins that may induce pathogen directed cell death, are unknown. This project aims to examine the presence and localization of immune proteins such as perforin, granulysin and granzymes in human milk cells at the protein and mRNA level. Genes encoding these proteins were confirmed in human milk cell samples, which were particularly enriched in early milk and in the case of maternal infection. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to investigate the co-expression of these proteins with pan-immune cell marker CD45 and epithelial marker EPCAM. Co-expression of antimicrobial proteins was found predominantly in CD45 positive cells, also increasing in the case of maternal infection. Our study suggests that human milk contains cells that carry hallmarks of activated or memory T-cells which are enriched early in lactation and in the case of maternal infection. Presence and prevalence of these cells in human milk may indicate a role in the protection of the maternal breast or for delivery to the vulnerable infant.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.