ReviewInfection and immunity2018
Modeling Host-Pathogen Interactions in the Context of the Microenvironment: Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Comes of Age.
Review in Infection and immunity, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 153 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microphysiological models of human gastrointestinal diseases.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- TheMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Human airway organoids as a versatile model to study BSL-4 virus replication and pathogenesis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Molecular Characterization of Calu-3 Cells from Submerged to Air-Liquid Interface to Model Lung Infections.Journal of proteome research · 2026Article
- Review
- The 3D landscape of infection: spatial organization andFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Exploring the role of gut microbiota in antibiotic resistance and prevention.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- The Gut Microbiome and Epigenomic Reprogramming: Mechanisms, Interactions, and Implications for Human Health and Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Advanced Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models for Investigating EnterohaemorrhagicJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Brain organoids: building higher-order complexity and neural circuitry models.Trends in biotechnology · 2025Review
- Human Cervix Chip: A Preclinical Model for Studying the Role of the Cervical Mucosa and Microbiome in Female Reproductive Health.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Article
- Article
- A Multicellular In Vitro Model of the Human Intestine with Immunocompetent Features Highlights Host-Pathogen Interactions During Early Salmonella Typhimurium Infection.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Study Models forMicroorganisms · 2025Review
- An in vitro model demonstrating homeostatic interactions between reconstructed human gingiva and a saliva-derived multispecies biofilm.Microbiome · 2025Article
- Advances in modeling periodontal host-microbe interactions: insights from organotypic and organ-on-chip systems.Lab on a chip · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Activated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) Do Not Provoke Adverse Effects in Trophoblast Spheroids.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Article
- Editorial: Recent advancements in the research models of infectious diseases.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Applying 3D cultures and high-throughput technologies to study host-pathogen interactions.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tissues and organs provide the structural and biochemical landscapes upon which microbial pathogens and commensals function to regulate health and disease. While flat two-dimensional (2-D) monolayers composed of a single cell type have provided important insight into understanding host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease mechanisms, these reductionist models lack many essential features present in the native host microenvironment that are known to regulate infection, including three-dimensional (3-D) architecture, multicellular complexity, commensal microbiota, gas exchange and nutrient gradients, and physiologically relevant biomechanical forces (e.g., fluid shear, stretch, compression). A major challenge in tissue engineering for infectious disease research is recreating this dynamic 3-D microenvironment (biological, chemical, and physical/mechanical) to more accurately model the initiation and progression of host-pathogen interactions in the laboratory. Here we review selected 3-D models of human intestinal mucosa, which represent a major portal of entry for infectious pathogens and an important niche for commensal microbiota. We highlight seminal studies that have used these models to interrogate host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease mechanisms, and we present this literature in the appropriate historical context. Models discussed include 3-D organotypic cultures engineered in the rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor, extracellular matrix (ECM)-embedded/organoid models, and organ-on-a-chip (OAC) models. Collectively, these technologies provide a more physiologically relevant and predictive framework for investigating infectious disease mechanisms and antimicrobial therapies at the intersection of the host, microbe, and their local microenvironments.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.