Trial reportBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2018
Intramuscular versus intravenous oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery: randomised controlled trial.
Trial report in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Side-effects of intravenouslyFrontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of obstetric and maternal outcomes after prior uterine artery embolization.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Does route matter? Impact of route of oxytocin administration on postpartum bleeding: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Comparative evaluation of prophylactic strategies for postpartum hemorrhage in vaginal delivery.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Patient and public involvement (PPI) reporting in maternal and neonatal clinical trials: an exploratory review.Trials · 2026Review
- Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Article
- Implementation of an oxytocin bolus protocol for cesarean delivery at a Texas level IV maternal center: a single-center retrospective study.Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) · 2025Article
- An Evidence-Based Approach to Vaginal Birth.O&G open · 2024Review
- Recognition on pharmacodynamic ingredients of natural products.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024Review
- Intravenous versus intramuscular oxytocin injection for preventing uterine atonic primary postpartum haemorrhage in third stage of labour: A double-blind randomised controlled trial.SAGE open medicine · 2024Article
- Review
- Vaginal Birth at Term - Part 2. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S3-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/083, December 2020).Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · 2022Article
- The Effect of Oxytocin plus Carboprost Methylate in Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage in High-Risk Pregnancy and Its Effect on Blood Pressure.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2022Article
- Placenta Previa Complicated with Endometriosis: Contemporary Clinical Management, Molecular Mechanisms, and Future Research Opportunities.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Oxytocin Receptor Activation Rescues Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression by Systemic Fentanyl in the Rat.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2021Article
- The PRECIS-2 tool seems not to be useful to discriminate the degree of pragmatism of medicine masked trials from that of open-label trials.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2021Article
- Articles provided insufficient information to conduct an appropriate retrospective assessment of the pragmatic/explanatory features of medicine trials with the PRECIS-2 tool.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether intravenous oxytocin is more effective than intramuscular oxytocin at preventing postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery.
designDouble blind placebo controlled randomised trial.
settingUniversity affiliated maternity unit in the Republic of Ireland.
participants1075 women aged 18 years or older, at term with a singleton pregnancy who were aiming for a vaginal delivery with an actively managed third stage of labour.
interventionsWomen were allocated to an intravenous bolus of oxytocin (10 IU in 1 mL given slowly over one minute) and placebo intramuscular injection (1 mL 0.9% saline) or an intramuscular bolus of oxytocin (10 IU in 1 mL) and placebo intravenous injection (1 mL 0.9% saline given slowly over one minute) at vaginal delivery. Allocation was by a secure web based randomisation service with masking of participants and clinicians to the trial intervention.
main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was postpartum haemorrhage (PPH, measured blood loss ≥500 mL). Secondary outcomes were severe PPH (measured blood loss ≥1000 mL), need for blood transfusion, admission to a high dependency unit, and side effects to oxytocin.
resultsBetween 4 January 2016 and 13 December 2017, 1075 women were randomised and 1035 (96.3%) included in the primary and secondary analyses (517 in the intravenous oxytocin group and 518 in the intramuscular oxytocin group). The incidence of PPH was not significantly lower in the intravenous group (18.8%, 97/517) compared with intramuscular group (23.2%, 120/518): adjusted odds ratio 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.55 to 1.03). The incidence of severe PPH, however, was significantly lower in the intravenous group (4.6%, 24/517) compared with intramuscular group (8.1%, 42/518): 0.54 (0.32 to 0.91) as was the need for blood transfusion (1.5%
conclusionIntravenous oxytocin for the third stage of labour results in less frequent severe PPH, blood transfusion, and admission to a high dependency unit than intramuscular oxytocin, and without excess side effects.
trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN14718882.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.