ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2018
Infants distinguish between leaders and bullies.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Social sampling: Children track social choices to reason about status hierarchies.Journal of experimental psychology. General · 2021Trial
- Stable intuition and the rise of deliberative prosociality in childhood.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- The Cognitive Architecture of Infant Attachment.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2025Review
- Core Moral Concepts and the Sense of Fairness in Human Infants.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2025Review
- Infants expect some degree of positive and negative reciprocity between strangers.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Leaders of Peer Groups in Chinese Early Adolescents: The Roles of Social, Academic, and Psychological Characteristics in Group Leadership.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2024Article
- Infants can use temporary or scant categorical information to individuate objects.Cognitive psychology · 2024Article
- Conducting Developmental Research Online vs. In-Person: A Meta-Analysis.Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science · 2024Article
- Human and animal dominance hierarchies show a pyramidal structure guiding adult and infant social inferences.Nature human behaviour · 2023Article
- Toddlers draw broad negative inferences from wrongdoers' moral violations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Preverbal infants expect agents exhibiting counterintuitive capacities to gain access to contested resources.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Human infants can override possessive tendencies to share valued items with others.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- How do the object-file and physical-reasoning systems interact? Evidence from priming effects with object arrays or novel labels.Cognitive psychology · 2021Article
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- Commentary: Children's Sense of Fairness as Equal Respect.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
- Space and rank: infants expect agents in higher position to be socially dominant.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Infants expect leaders to right wrongs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Toddlers and infants expect individuals to refrain from helping an ingroup victim's aggressor.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Do Infants in the First Year of Life Expect Equal Resource Allocations?Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We examined whether 21-month-old infants could distinguish between two broad types of social power: respect-based power exerted by a leader (who might be an authority figure with legitimate power, a prestigious individual with merited power, or some combination thereof) and fear-based power exerted by a bully. Infants first saw three protagonists interact with a character who was either a leader (leader condition) or a bully (bully condition). Next, the character gave an order to the protagonists, who initially obeyed; the character then left the scene, and the protagonists either continued to obey (obey event) or no longer did so (disobey event). Infants in the leader condition looked significantly longer at the disobey than at the obey event, suggesting that they expected the protagonists to continue to obey the leader in her absence. In contrast, infants in the bully condition looked equally at the two events, suggesting that they viewed both outcomes as plausible: The protagonists might continue to obey the absent bully to prevent further harm, or they might disobey her because her power over them weakened in her absence. Additional results supported these interpretations: Infants expected obedience when the bully remained in the scene and could harm the protagonists if defied, but they expected disobedience when the order was given by a character with little or no power over the protagonists. Together, these results indicate that by 21 months of age, infants already hold different expectations for subordinates' responses to individuals with respect-based as opposed to fear-based power.
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