Trial reportPloS one2018
Challenges and opportunities for outreach workers in the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) program in India.
Trial report in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Digital tracking, provider decision support systems, and targeted client communication via mobile devices to improve primary health care.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Approaches to transitioning women into and out of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services for continued ART: a systematic review.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Pooled it
- Mother-to-child HIV transmission and its correlates in India: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2020Pooled it
- Drivers of Vertical HIV Transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Targeted and Universal Lenacapavir Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Article
- Factors associated with HIV infection among infants born to mothers with HIV in Blantyre, Malawi: a mixed methods study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- A conceptual framework for integrating HIV, STIs and pregnancy prevention services in Vhembe District, Limpopo, South Africa: improving teenagers' health outcomes.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Managers perspectives on the implementation of the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission policy in South Africa.Journal of public health in Africa · 2026Article
- Approaches for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services during coronavirus disease 2019.Health SA = SA Gesondheid · 2024Article
- Challenges to integrating programs for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B into antenatal care: Experiences from Indonesia.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
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- Analysis of Equity Disputes in Listed Companies With Dispersed Ownership Structure and Protection of Small and Medium Shareholders' Interests.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Barriers to the management of children under five exposed to HIV in the rural areas of South Africa.Curationis · 2021Article
- Implementation science in maternity care: a scoping review.Implementation science : IS · 2021Article
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- Administering human immunodeficiency virus post-exposure prophylaxis: challenges experienced by mothers in Lusaka, Zambia.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2021Article
- Acceptability and feasibility of a behavioral and mobile health intervention (COMBIND) shown to increase uptake of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) care in India.BMC public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) program in India is one of the largest in the world. It uses outreach workers (ORWs) to facilitate patient uptake of services, however, the challenges faced by the ORWs, and their views about the effectiveness of this program are unknown.
methodsThe COMmunity-Home Based INDia (COMBIND) Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV study evaluated an integrated mobile health and behavioral intervention to enhance the capacity of ORWs in India. To understand the challenges faced by ORWs, and their perceptions of opportunities for program improvement, four group discussions were conducted among 60 ORW from four districts of Maharashtra, India, as part of the baseline assessment for COMBIND. Data were qualitatively analyzed using a thematic approach.
resultsNumerous personal-, social-, and structural-level challenges existed for ORW as they engaged with their patients. Personal-level challenges for ORWs included disclosure of their own HIV status and travelling costs for home visits. Personal-level challenges for patients included financial costs of travelling to ART centers, non-adherence to ART, loss of daily wages, non-affordability of infant formula, lack of awareness of the baby's needs, financial dependence on family, four time points (6weeks, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months) for HIV tests, and need for nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis. Social-level challenges included lack of motivation by patients and/or health care staff, social stigma, and rude behavior of health care staff and their unwillingness to provide maternity services to women in the PMTCT programme. Structural-level challenges included cultural norms around infant feeding, shortages of HIV testing kits, shortages of antiretroviral drugs and infant NVP prophylaxis, and lack of training/knowledge related to PMTCT infant feeding guidelines by hospital staff. The consensus among ORWs was that there was a critical need for tools and training to improve their capacity to effectively engage with patients, and deliver appropriate care, and for motivation through periodic feedback.
conclusionsGiven the significant challenges in PMTCT programme implementation reported by ORW, novel strategies to address these challenges are urgently needed to improve patient engagement, and access to and retention in care.
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