SynthesisJournal of environmental and public health2018
Estimating Typhoid Fever Risk Associated with Lack of Access to Safe Water: A Systematic Literature Review.
Synthesis in Journal of environmental and public health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unsafe drinking water and human health: A global umbrella review of disease outcomes, intervention effectiveness, and policy implications.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- Associations of water, sanitation, and hygiene with typhoid fever in case-control studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Prevention of Typhoid by Vi Conjugate Vaccine and Achievable Improvements in Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Evidence From a Cluster-Randomized Trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Trial
- Rational design of a multi epitope vaccine against Salmonella typhi via subtractive proteomics, reverse vaccinology and molecular modeling.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Field Effectiveness of a Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine: The 2018 Navi Mumbai Pediatric TCV Campaign.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- A retrospective investigation of the population structure and geospatial distribution of Salmonella Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Association Among Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Status and Typhoid Risk in Urban Slums: Prospective Cohort Study in Bangladesh.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Article
- Controlling the bacterial load of Salmonella Typhi in an experimental mouse model by a lytic Salmonella phage STWB21: a phage therapy approach.BMC microbiology · 2023Article
- Environmental sampling for typhoidal Salmonellas in household and surface waters in Nepal identifies potential transmission pathways.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- The Prevalence of UndiagnosedPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Aspects and problems associated with the water services to be considered in intensive care units.Journal of infection prevention · 2023Article
- Urban park system on public health: underlying driving mechanism and planning thinking.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the general population of Pakistan regarding typhoid conjugate vaccine: findings of a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Association of water, sanitation, hygiene and food practices with enteric fever in a paediatric cohort in North India.BMJ paediatrics open · 2022Article
- Paediatric enteric fever in Brussels: a case series over 16 years.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Risk factors for some tropical diseases in an African country.BMC public health · 2021Observational
- Salmonella Typhi Shedding and Household Transmission by Children With Blood Culture-Confirmed Typhoid Fever in Vellore, South India.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Unsafe water is a well-known risk for typhoid fever, but a pooled estimate of the population-level risk of typhoid fever resulting from exposure to unsafe water has not been quantified. An accurate estimation of the risk from unsafe water will be useful in demarcating high-risk populations, modeling typhoid disease burden, and targeting prevention and control activities. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of observational studies that measured the risk of typhoid fever associated with drinking unimproved water as per WHO-UNICEF's definition or drinking microbiologically unsafe water. The mean value for the pooled odds ratio from case-control studies was calculated using a random effects model. In addition to unimproved water and unsafe water, we also listed categories of other risk factors from the selected studies. Results: The search of published studies from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2013 in PubMed, Embase, and World Health Organization databases provided 779 publications, of which 12 case-control studies presented the odds of having typhoid fever for those exposed to unimproved or unsafe versus improved drinking water sources. The odds of typhoid fever among those exposed to unimproved or unsafe water ranged from 1.06 to 9.26 with case weighted mean of 2.44 (95% CI: 1.65-3.59). Besides water-related risk, the studies also identified other risk factors related to socioeconomic aspects, type of food consumption, knowledge and awareness about typhoid fever, and hygiene practices. Conclusions: In this meta-analysis, we have quantified the pooled risk of typhoid fever among people exposed to unimproved or unsafe water which is almost two and a half times more than people who were not exposed to unimproved or unsafe water. However, caution should be exercised in applying the findings from this study in modeling typhoid fever disease burden at country, regional, and global levels as improved water does not always equate to safe water.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.