ArticleImmunity2018
A Map of Toll-like Receptor Expression in the Intestinal Epithelium Reveals Distinct Spatial, Cell Type-Specific, and Temporal Patterns.
Article in Immunity, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 215 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
215 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 370 citations in OpenAlex.
- Paneth Cells: Recent Updates on Elucidating Therapeutic Implications in Gastroenterological Disease Management.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Review: the role of GSDMD in sepsis.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2022Pooled it
- Article
- Developmental factors drive the compartmentalized and discontinuous maturation of the small intestinal epithelium during the early postnatal period.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Guiqi Baizhu prescription attenuates 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis by targeting IKKβ to inhibit M1 macrophage polarization.Chinese medicine · 2026Article
- Sleep interruption aggravates sepsis by rewiring the macrophage immune response.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- DSS Colitis Model: Traps, Tricks, and Reporting Recommendations.Biomedicines · 2026Review
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- Structural immunity: immune cells as architects of tissue barriers.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial peptides and proteins as rheostats of intestinal homeostasis and immunity.Current opinion in immunology · 2026Review
- Pro-inflammatory response of human iPSC-derived intestinal epithelial monolayers towards microbial toxins LPS and nigericin.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Intestinal epithelial TLR5 signaling promotes barrier-supportive macrophages.Science immunology · 2026Article
- Probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium bifidum upregulation of intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier is mediated by TLR-2/TLR-6 receptor complex activation of occludin gene.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Food-derived molecules as regulators of intestinal tight junctions and barrier function: mechanisms and implications.Frontiers in drug delivery · 2026Review
- Infection strategies ofGut microbes reports · 2026Review
- Microbial and metabolic signatures of humanized microbiome mice associate withFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- P2YJournal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Ovarian cancer drives TLR5-dependent expansion of myeloid progenitors through systemic ligand dissemination.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2025Article
- Divergent immune responses to commensal bacteria bearing distinct motility signatures.Science immunology · 2025Article
- CommensalbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
155 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is critical for intestinal homeostasis. To visualize epithelial expression of individual TLRs in vivo, we generated five strains of reporter mice. These mice revealed that TLR expression varied dramatically along the length of the intestine. Indeed, small intestine (SI) IECs expressed low levels of multiple TLRs that were highly expressed by colonic IECs. TLR5 expression was restricted to Paneth cells in the SI epithelium. Intestinal organoid experiments revealed that TLR signaling in Paneth cells or colonic IECs induced a core set of host defense genes, but this set did not include antimicrobial peptides, which instead were induced indirectly by inflammatory cytokines. This comprehensive blueprint of TLR expression and function in IECs reveals unexpected diversity in the responsiveness of IECs to microbial stimuli, and together with the associated reporter strains, provides a resource for further study of innate immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.