ArticlePLoS computational biology2018
The low spike density of HIV may have evolved because of the effects of T helper cell depletion on affinity maturation.
Article in PLoS computational biology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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15 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Electron microscopy images and morphometric data of SARS-CoV-2 variants in ultrathin plastic sections.Scientific data · 2024Article
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- Neutralizing the threat: harnessing broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 for treatment and prevention.Microbial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2024Article
- Host immune responses against African swine fever virus: Insights and challenges for vaccine development.Open veterinary journal · 2023Review
- An engineered HIV-1 Gag-based VLP displaying high antigen density induces strong antibody-dependent functional immune responses.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Mechanisms that promote the evolution of cross-reactive antibodies upon vaccination with designed influenza immunogens.Cell reports · 2023Article
- African Swine Fever Vaccinology: The Biological Challenges from Immunological Perspectives.Viruses · 2022Review
- Two complementary features of humoral immune memory confer protection against the same or variant antigens.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Hydrodynamics of spike proteins dictate a transport-affinity competition for SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Stochastic modeling of antibody binding predicts programmable migration on antigen patterns.Nature computational science · 2022Article
- Article
- Defining and Manipulating B Cell Immunodominance Hierarchies to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses against Influenza Virus.Cell systems · 2020Article
- Article
- Nanoparticles presenting clusters of CD4 expose a universal vulnerability of HIV-1 by mimicking target cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The spikes on virus surfaces bind receptors on host cells to propagate infection. High spike densities (SDs) can promote infection, but spikes are also targets of antibody-mediated immune responses. Thus, diverse evolutionary pressures can influence virus SDs. HIV's SD is about two orders of magnitude lower than that of other viruses, a surprising feature of unknown origin. By modeling antibody evolution through affinity maturation, we find that an intermediate SD maximizes the affinity of generated antibodies. We argue that this leads most viruses to evolve high SDs. T helper cells, which are depleted during early HIV infection, play a key role in antibody evolution. We find that T helper cell depletion results in high affinity antibodies when SD is high, but not if SD is low. This special feature of HIV infection may have led to the evolution of a low SD to avoid potent immune responses early in infection.
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