ArticleTobacco control2019
Assessing progress in protecting non-smokers from secondhand smoke.
Article in Tobacco control, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Adult Smoking Behavior on Children's Exposure to Secondhand Smoke. An Analysis Based on Salivary Cotinine Levels Among Children in Dhaka and Karachi.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Twenty years on from smoke-free legislation in Scotland: A secondary analysis of the Scottish Health Survey dataset (1998-2024) examining changes in household smoking rules, and salivary cotinine concentrations among non-smokers.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Association between perceived exposure to secondhand smoke and depression independent of biomarker-measured exposure.BMC public health · 2025Article
- "Why should care workers be any different from prison workers?" A qualitative study of second-hand smoke exposure during home-care visits and potential measures to eliminate exposure.Annals of work exposures and health · 2024Article
- Are People More Likely to Vape or Smoke Indoors? A Population Survey of Adults in England.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Secondhand Nicotine Absorption From E-Cigarette Vapor vs Tobacco Smoke in Children.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Smoke-free law compliance and predictive factors in Ethiopia: observational assessment of public places and workplaces.Tobacco control · 2024Observational
- Use of nicotine replacement therapy to reduce children's exposure to second-hand smoke in the home: a qualitative pilot study involving local community pharmacies.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Second-hand Smoke Exposure Among Home Care Workers (HCWs) in Scotland.Annals of work exposures and health · 2023Article
- Thirdhand smoke beliefs, exposure status and associated factors among young people in China: A cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Children's exposure to second-hand smoke 10 years on from smoke-free legislation in England: Cotinine data from the Health Survey for England 1998-2018.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2022Article
- Occupational Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke: Development of a Job Exposure Matrix.Annals of work exposures and health · 2021Article
- Associations between Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Respiratory Health in Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Population-level estimates of workplace exposure to secondhand smoke in Canada.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2020Article
- Tobacco Control Policy in Scotland: A Qualitative Study of Expert Views on Successes, Challenges and Future Actions.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine trends in population exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and consider two exposure metrics as appropriate targets for tobacco control policy-makers.
designComparison of adult non-smokers' salivary cotinine data available from 11 Scottish Health Surveys between 1998 and 2016.
methodsThe proportions of non-smoking adults who had measurable levels of cotinine in their saliva were calculated for the 11 time points. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of cotinine levels were calculated using Tobit regression. Changes in both parameters were assessed for the whole period and also for the years since implementation of smoke-free legislation in Scotland in 2006.
resultsSalivary cotinine expressed as a GM fell from 0.464 ng/mL (95% CI 0.444 to 0.486 ng/mL) in 1998 to 0.013 ng/mL (95% CI 0.009 to 0.020 ng/mL) in 2016: a reduction of 97.2%. The percentage of non-smoking adults who had no measurable cotinine in their saliva increased by nearly sixfold between 1998 (12.5%, 95% CI 11.5% to 13.6%) and 2016 (81.6%, 95% CI 78.6% to 84.6%). Reductions in population exposure to SHS have continued even after smoke-free legislation in 2006.
conclusionsScotland has witnessed a dramatic reduction in SHS exposure in the past two decades, but there are still nearly one in five non-smoking adults who have measurable exposure to SHS on any given day. Tobacco control strategies globally should consider the use of both the proportion of non-smoking adults with undetectable salivary cotinine and the GM as targets to encourage policies that achieve a smoke-free future.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.