ArticleSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2019
The predictors of depression in a longitudinal cohort of community dwelling rural adults in Australia.
Article in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring depression in adults over a decade: a review of longitudinal studies.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- The effect of telehealth-based medical nutrition therapy on cardiovascular disease risk factors in a rural population: a secondary analysis of outcomes related to nutrition, health and well-being from the healthy rural hearts randomised controlled trial.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2025Trial
- Oral Health-Related Quality of Life and Self-Reported Oral Health Status Are Associated with Change in Self-Reported Depression Status: A Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Money and mental health: a scoping review of financial variables, data sources, and analytical methods.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Depression and comorbid chronic physical health diseases in the Australian population: A scoping review.The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Depression among people living in rural and urban areas of Thailand: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2025Article
- The U-shape Association between Population Agglomeration and Individual Depression: the Role of Dialect Diversity.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- The longitudinal study of the relationship between social participation pattern and depression symptoms in frail older adults.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with mental health problems of psychological distress and depression among rural Victorians - analysis of cross-sectional data (Crossroads II).BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Association between political group participation and depressive symptoms among older adults: an 11-year longitudinal study in Taiwan.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Article
- Lessons from the development and delivery of a rural suicide prevention program.The Australian journal of rural health · 2021Article
- Financial distress and suicidal behaviour during COVID-19: Family identification attenuates the negative relationship between COVID-related financial distress and mental Ill-health.Journal of health psychology · 2021Article
- Employment and retirement impacts on health and wellbeing among a sample of rural Australians.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Do financial hardship and social support mediate the effect of unaffordable housing on mental health?Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2020Article
- Effects of Exercise on Memory Interference in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeMany major studies of depression in Australia are under-representative of rural and remote residents, limiting the generalizability of their findings. This study explores the contributions of a range of individual, social, and community factors to the trajectory of depressive symptoms among a cohort of rural and remote residents.
methodsData from four waves of the Australian Rural Mental Health Study (baseline n = 2639), a 5 year longitudinal study of rural community residents, were examined within generalized linear mixed models to predict depressive symptoms. Depression was measured using the PHQ-9, with key correlates including social support, employment status, financial wellbeing, neuroticism, and rural community factors.
resultsModerate-to-severe depression was reported by 6.3% of the baseline sample. Being permanently unable to work resulted in over a threefold increase in the odds of depression at the following survey wave. Self-rated financial hardship was associated with a fourfold increase in the odds of future depression, as was a high level of community concerns. Neuroticism and tobacco use also made a significant independent contribution to future depressive symptoms. Interpersonal support was a protective factor, reducing the odds of next-wave depression by 64%.
conclusionFinancial and employment-related difficulties appear to be important risk factors for depression, and targeting individuals experiencing such difficulties may be an effective means of reducing depression among certain sub-groups. Strategies to prevent depression in rural and remote Australia may benefit from a focus on interpersonal and community-level support, as the effects of this support are lasting and contribute to a reduced likelihood of depressive episodes in future years.
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