ArticleFrontiers in neuroscience2018
Discriminating Formal Representations of Risk in Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Inferior Frontal Gyrus.
Article in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Common and Distinct Neural Mechanisms Underlying Risk Seeking and Risk Aversion: Evidence From the Neuroimaging Meta-Analysis.Human brain mapping · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review on Common and Distinct Neural Correlates of Risk-taking in Substance-related and Non-substance Related Addictions.Neuropsychology review · 2023Pooled it
- Sensation seeking and risk adjustment: the role of reward sensitivity in dynamic risky decisions.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Decoding the dynamic perception of risk and speed using naturalistic stimuli: A multivariate, whole-brain analysis.Human brain mapping · 2024Article
- Distinct neural networks of task engagement and choice response in moral, risky, and ambiguous decision-making: An ALE meta-analysis.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Insular and Striatal Correlates of Uncertain Risky Reward Pursuit in Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- The PRO model accounts for the anterior cingulate cortex role in risky decision-making and monitoring.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2022Article
- A review of risky decision-making in psychosis-spectrum disorders.Clinical psychology review · 2022Review
- Article
- Towards a Functional Neuromarker of Impulsivity: Feedback-Related Brain Potential during Risky Decision-Making Associated with Self-Reported Impulsivity in a Non-Clinical Sample.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Resting-State Theta Oscillations and Reward Sensitivity in Risk Taking.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Article
- Neural processes during adolescent risky decision making are associated with conformity to peer influence.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2020Article
- Dissociable roles for the ventral and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex in cue-guided risk/reward decision making.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Article
- Translating concepts of risk and loss in rodent models of gambling and the limitations for clinical applications.Current opinion in behavioral sciences · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Considerable debate persists around the definition of risk. Depending on the area of study, the concept of risk may be defined as the variance of the possible outcomes, the probability of a loss, or a combination of the loss probability and its maximum possible loss. Mounting evidence suggests the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), including the surrounding medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the anterior insula/inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) are key neural regions that represent perceived risks. Yet it remains unclear which of these formalisms best accounts for the pattern of activation in brain regions representing risk, and it is also difficult to disentangle risk from value, as both contribute to perceived utility. To adjudicate among the possible definitions, we used fMRI with a novel gambling task that orthogonalized the variance, loss probability, and maximum possible loss among the risky options, while maintaining a constant expected value across all monetary gambles to isolate the impact of risk rather than value. Here we show that when expected value is controlled for ACC and IFG activation reflect variance, but neither loss probability nor maximum possible loss. Across subjects, variance-related activation within the ACC correlates indirectly with risk aversion. Our results highlight the variance of the prospective outcomes as a formal representation of risk that is reflected both in brain activity and behavior, thus suggestive of a stronger link among formal economic theories of financial risk, naturalistic risk taking, and neural representations of risk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.