ArticlePLoS pathogens2018
Trichuris muris whey acidic protein induces type 2 protective immunity against whipworm.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- In silico design of a T-cell epitope vaccine candidate for parasitic helminth infection.PLoS pathogens · 2020Pooled it
- Vaccination With Trichuris muris Poly-Cysteine and Histidine-Tailed Protein p43 Protects Against Chronic Infection.Parasite immunology · 2026Article
- A Honduran Prevalence Study on Soil-Transmitted Helminths Highlights Serological Antibodies to Tm-WAP49 as a Diagnostic Marker for Exposure to Human Trichuriasis.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Altering the intracellular trafficking of Necator americanus GST-1 antigen yields novel hookworm mRNA vaccine candidates.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Trichuris WAP and CAP proteins: Potential whipworm vaccine candidates?PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Whipworm secretions and their roles in host-parasite interactions.Parasites & vectors · 2022Review
- Mucosal Vaccination With RecombinantFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- The yin and yang of human soil-transmitted helminth infections.International journal for parasitology · 2021Review
- Immunoregulatory molecules secreted byParasitology · 2021Article
- Overview of Immunological Responses and Immunomodulation Properties ofLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Rodent Models for the Study of Soil-Transmitted Helminths: A Proteomics Approach.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Whipworm and roundworm infections.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2020Review
- Whipworm Infection Promotes Bacterial Invasion, Intestinal Microbiota Imbalance, and Cellular Immunomodulation.Infection and immunity · 2020Article
- Soil-Transmitted Helminth Vaccines: Are We Getting Closer?Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Anthelmintic drug discovery: target identification, screening methods and the role of open science.Beilstein journal of organic chemistry · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) infects approximately 1 in 15 people worldwide, representing the leading infectious cause of colitis and subsequent, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current control measures focused on mass deworming have had limited success due to low drug efficacies. Vaccination would be an ideal, cost-effective strategy to induce protective immunity, leading to control of infection and transmission. Here we report the identification of whey acidic protein, a whipworm secretory protein, as a strong immunogen for inducing protective efficacy in a surrogate mouse T. muris infection model. The recombinant WAP protein (rTm-WAP49), as well as a single, highly conserved repeat within WAP (fragment 8) expressed as an Na-GST-1 fusion protein (rTm-WAP-F8+Na-GST-1), generate a strong T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response when delivered as subcutaneous vaccines formulated with Montanide ISA 720. Oral challenge with T. muris infective eggs following vaccination led to a significant reduction in worm burden of 48% by rTm-WAP49 and 33% by rTm-WAP-F8+Na-GST-1. The cellular immune correlates of protection included significant antigen-specific production of Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-9, and IL-13 by cells isolated from the vaccine-draining inguinal lymph nodes, parasite-draining mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen in mice vaccinated with either rTm-WAP49 or rTm-WAP-F8+Na-GST-1. The humoral immune correlates included a high antigen-specific ratio of IgG1 to IgG2a, without eliciting an IgE-mediated allergic response. Immunofluorescent staining of adult T. muris with WAP antisera identified the worm's pathogenic stichosome organ as the site of secretion of native Tm-WAP protein into the colonic mucosa. Given the high sequence conservation for the WAP proteins from T. muris and T. trichiura, the results presented here support the WAP protein to be further evaluated as a potential human whipworm vaccine candidate.
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