ArticleNutrients2018
TGF-β2, EGF, and FGF21 Growth Factors Present in Breast Milk Promote Mesenteric Lymph Node Lymphocytes Maturation in Suckling Rats.
Article in Nutrients, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Host immune constraints delineate the window of microbial colonization during early development ofZoological research · 2026Article
- Beyond immunoglobulin G: Dissecting the role of colostrum in programming early immune function in calves.JDS communications · 2025Article
- Human milk feeding practices and serum immune profiles of one-year-old infants in the CHILD birth cohort study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Observational
- Maternal Milk Orchestrates the Development of Infant Gut Microbiota: Implications for Health and Future Research Directions.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
- Growth Factors and Their Application in the Therapy of Hereditary Neurodegenerative Diseases.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Beta-carotene regulates the biological activity of EGF in IEC6 cells by alleviating the inflammatory process.Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) · 2022Article
- Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa Protects against a Hyperosmotic, Formula Feeding Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Rat Milk and Plasma Immunological Profile throughout Lactation.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Maternal Microbiota, Early Life Colonization and Breast Milk Drive Immune Development in the Newborn.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- COVID-19, an opportunity to reevaluate the correlation between long-term effects of anthropogenic pollutants on viral epidemic/pandemic events and prevalence.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2020Review
- Modulation of the Systemic Immune Response in Suckling Rats by Breast Milk TGF-β2, EGF and FGF21 Supplementation.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Human Breast Milk: Bioactive Components, from Stem Cells to Health Outcomes.Current nutrition reports · 2020Review
- Article
- Leptin and EGF Supplementation Enhance the Immune System Maturation in Preterm Suckling Rats.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Diet and Immune Function.Nutrients · 2019Article
- A Preterm Rat Model for Immunonutritional Studies.Nutrients · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breast milk, due to its large number of nutrients and bioactive factors, contributes to optimal development and immune maturation in early life. In this study, we aimed to assess the influence of some growth factors present in breast milk, such as transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), on the immune response development. Newborn Wistar rats were supplemented daily with TGF-β2, EGF, or FGF21, throughout the suckling period. At day 14 and 21 of life, lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were isolated, immunophenotyped, and cultured to evaluate their ability to proliferate and release cytokines. The main results demonstrated that supplementation with TGF-β2, EGF, or FGF21 modified the lymphocyte composition in MLNs. At day 14, all supplementations were able to induce a lower percentage of natural killer (NK) cells with the immature phenotype (CD8⁺), and they reduced the CD8αα/CD8αβ ratio at day 21. Moreover, the cytokine pattern was modified by the three treatments, with a down regulation of interleukin (IL)-13 secretion. These results showed the contribution of these growth factors in the lymphocytes MLNs immune maturation during the neonatal period.
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Registered trials
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