ArticlePediatrics2018
Marijuana Use by Breastfeeding Mothers and Cannabinoid Concentrations in Breast Milk.
Article in Pediatrics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effects of Cannabis on Female Reproductive Health Across the Life Course.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2021Pooled it
- Medical Cannabis During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Is the Concern Fully Evidence-Based?Biomedicines · 2026Article
- In Silico Models Using Simple Molecular Descriptors Predict Placental and Breast Milk Transfer of Cannabinoids fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Volatile Organic Compound Metabolites Are Found in the Urine of Breastfed Infants Whose Mothers Use Cannabis: The Lactation and Cannabis (LAC) Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Volatile Organic Compound Metabolites Are Found in the Urine of Breastfed Infants Whose Mothers Use Cannabis: The Lactation and Cannabis (LAC) Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Prenatal cannabinoid exposure alters excitation-inhibition balance through glutamate and GABA receptor-mediated signaling.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Exploring the Influence of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Women's Perceptions and Experiences with Perinatal Cannabis Use: A Qualitative Meta-synthesis.Maternal and child health journal · 2026Review
- Recreational Cannabis Use During Human Pregnancy: Its Effects on the Placenta and Endocannabinoid System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Provider Perspectives of Conversations and Practices Surrounding Perinatal Cannabis Use.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2026Article
- Identifying an initial set of core components for perinatal cannabis use harm reduction counseling: An application of the Consensus on Relevant Elements (CORE) process.Advances in drug and alcohol research · 2026Article
- Intentions and Motives for Cannabis Use in Pregnancy and Postpartum: Preliminary Daily Diary Findings on Planned and Unplanned Use.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2026Article
- Breast milk Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in cannabis users during the postpartum period: correlation between breast milk, maternal urine and saliva samples during early lactation.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Association of Preconception and Prenatal Cannabis Use With Breastfeeding.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Association of Preconception and Prenatal Cannabis Use With Breastfeeding.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Online conversations on perceived stigma among pregnant individuals who use cannabis.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of the Endocannabinoid System with a Focus on Reproductive Physiology and the Cannabinoid Impact on Fertility.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Impact of Substance Use Disorder and Drug Transfer into Breast Milk: Implications for Maternal and Infant Health.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Macronutrients in Human Milk Exposed to Antidepressant and Anti-Inflammatory Medications.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Impact of prenatal exposure to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on birth size and postnatal growth trajectories.Pediatric obesity · 2025Article
- Adverse childhood experiences, resilience, and cannabis use in early motherhood.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
: media-1vid110.1542/5799877373001PEDS-VA_2018-1076
methodsBetween 2014 and 2017, 50 breastfeeding women who reported marijuana use provided 54 breast milk samples to a research repository, Mommy's Milk. Concentrations of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC), 11-hydroxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and cannabinol were measured by using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry electrospray ionization.
results∆9-THC was detectable in 34 (63%) of the 54 samples up to ∼6 days after last reported use; the median concentration of ∆9-THC was 9.47 ng/mL (range: 1.01-323.00). Five samples had detectable levels of 11-hydroxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (range: 1.33-12.80 ng/mL) or cannabidiol (range: 1.32-8.56 ng/mL). The sample with the highest concentration of cannabidiol (8.56 ng/mL) did not have measurable ∆9-THC. Cannabinol was not detected in any samples. The number of hours since last use was a significant predictor of log ∆9-THC concentrations (-0.03; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.04 to -0.01;
conclusions∆9-THC was measurable in a majority of breast milk samples up to ∼6 days after maternal marijuana use.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.