ReviewNutrients2018
Human Milk Oligosaccharides: 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and Lacto-N-Neotetraose (LNnT) in Infant Formula.
Review in Nutrients, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 151 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
151 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Trends and hotspots in gut microbiota and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Human Milk Bioactive Components and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Bifidogenic Effect of 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) on the Gut Microbiome of Healthy Formula-Fed Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Iron Absorption from an Iron-Fortified Follow-Up Formula with and without the Addition of a Synbiotic or a Human-Identical Milk Oligosaccharide: A Randomized Crossover Stable Isotope Study in Young Thai Children.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- Safety and efficacy of a probiotic-containing infant formula supplemented with 2'-fucosyllactose: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.Nutrition journal · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Term infant formula supplemented with milk-derived oligosaccharides shifts the gut microbiota closer to that of human milk-fed infants and improves intestinal immune defense: a randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Confirmed Hypoallergenicity of a Novel Whey-Based Extensively Hydrolyzed Infant Formula Containing Two Human Milk Oligosaccharides.Nutrients · 2019Trial
- Orchestrating life's first community: molecular assembly by human milk oligosaccharides.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Combined HMOs and α-MFGM Ameliorate LPS-Induced Intestinal Mucosal and Systemic Immune Dysfunction via Modulation of Gut Microbiota.Nutrients · 2026Article
- 2'-FL's Depiction of the Human Physiological Function Landscape.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling Identifies Breed-Specific Metabolomic Signatures in the Longissimus Dorsi Meat of Beichuan White Goats and Tianfu Goats.Metabolites · 2026Article
- 2'-Fucosyllactose AttenuatesMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Dairy Bioactive Compounds as Precision Modulators of Gut Microbiota: From Molecular Mechanisms to Personalized Immunometabolic Health.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The role of human milk oligosaccharides in shaping and restoring infant gut microbiota: population-based cohort study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Multienzyme Platform for the Synthesis of UDP Sugars and Human Milk Oligosaccharides.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2026Article
- Early-life microbiota disruption-induced deficits in the social brain are sensitive to diet.iScience · 2026Article
- The colostrum chronicles: identifying porcine milk oligosaccharides in colostrum and investigating their role in litter performance.Journal of animal science · 2026Article
- Exploration of parents' and healthcare providers' perceptions on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and willingness to use HMO-enriched formula: a baseline mixed-methods study from the State of Qatar.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
91 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The authors reviewed the published evidence on the presence of oligosaccharides in human milk (HMO) and their benefits in in vitro and in vivo studies. The still limited data of trials evaluating the effect of mainly 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) on the addition of some of HMOs to infant formula were also reviewed. PubMed was searched from January 1990 to April 2018. The amount of HMOs in mother's milk is a dynamic process as it changes over time. Many factors, such as duration of lactation, environmental, and genetic factors, influence the amount of HMOs. HMOs may support immune function development and provide protection against infectious diseases directly through the interaction of the gut epithelial cells or indirectly through the modulation of the gut microbiota, including the stimulation of the bifidobacteria. The limited clinical data suggest that the addition of HMOs to infant formula seems to be safe and well tolerated, inducing a normal growth and suggesting a trend towards health benefits. HMOs are one of the major differences between cow's milk and human milk, and available evidence indicates that these components do have a health promoting benefit. The addition of one or two of these components to infant formula is safe, and brings infant formula closer to human milk. More prospective, randomized trials in infants are need to evaluate the clinical benefit of supplementing infant formula with HMOs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.