ArticleSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2018
Self-Assembly of Immune Signals Improves Codelivery to Antigen Presenting Cells and Accelerates Signal Internalization, Processing Kinetics, and Immune Activation.
Article in Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integrating molecular dynamics simulations to enable rational assembly of immune signals for immunotherapy.Nanoscale horizons · 2026Article
- Self-assembled structures as a material basis for indirect pharmacology in Traditional Chinese Medicine.Chinese medicine · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory Nanomaterials: Design Strategies, Mechanisms, Biomedical Applications, and Future Perspectives.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Controlling intracellular processing to enhance spherical nucleic acid immune stimulation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Advances in Pure Drug Self-Assembled Nanosystems: A Novel Strategy for Combined Cancer Therapy.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Engineered Immune Constructs Alter Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance and Confer Durable Protection in Myelin-Driven Autoimmunity.ACS nano · 2024Article
- An Overview of Polymeric Nanoplatforms to Deliver Veterinary Antimicrobials.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Harnessing Biomaterials to Study and Direct Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy.ACS applied bio materials · 2023Review
- Tuning innate immune function using microneedles containing multiple classes of toll-like receptor agonists.Nanoscale · 2023Article
- Supramolecular Polyphenol-DNA Microparticles for In Vivo Adjuvant and Antigen Co-Delivery and Immune Stimulation.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2023Article
- Enhancing the functionality of self-assembled immune signals using chemical crosslinks.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Polyelectrolyte Coating of Ferumoxytol Differentially Impacts the Labeling of Inflammatory and Steady-State Dendritic Cell Subtypes.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Self-Assembly of Immune Signals to Program Innate Immunity through Rational Adjuvant Design.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2022Article
- Chemically Tuning the Antigen Release Kinetics from Spherical Nucleic Acids Maximizes Immune Stimulation.ACS central science · 2021Article
- Self-Assembly as a Molecular Strategy to Improve Immunotherapy.Accounts of chemical research · 2020Article
- Biomaterials as Tools to Decode Immunity.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2020Review
- Phage display as a tool for vaccine and immunotherapy development.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2020Review
- Altering Antigen Charge to Control Self-Assembly and Processing of Immune Signals During Cancer Vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Prussian blue nanoparticle-based antigenicity and adjuvanticity trigger robust antitumor immune responses against neuroblastoma.Biomaterials science · 2019Article
- Engineering release kinetics with polyelectrolyte multilayers to modulate TLR signaling and promote immune tolerance.Biomaterials science · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Vaccines and immunotherapies that elicit specific types of immune responses offer transformative potential to tackle disease. The mechanisms governing the processing of immune signals-events that determine the type of response generated-are incredibly complex. Understanding these processes would inform more rational vaccine design by linking carrier properties, processing mechanisms, and relevant timescales to specific impacts on immune response. This goal is pursued using nanostructured materials-termed immune polyelectrolyte multilayers-built entirely from antigens and stimulatory toll-like receptors agonists (TLRas). This simplicity allows isolation and quantification of the rates and mechanisms of intracellular signal processing, and the link to activation of distinct immune pathways. Each vaccine component is internalized in a colocalized manner through energy-dependent caveolae-mediated endocytosis. This process results in trafficking through endosome/lysosome pathways and stimulation of TLRs expressed on endosomes/lysosomes. The maximum rates for these events occur within 4 h, but are detectable in minutes, ultimately driving downstream proimmune functions. Interestingly, these uptake, processing, and activation kinetics are significantly faster for TLRas in particulate form compared with free TLRa. Our findings provide insight into specific mechanisms by which particulate vaccines enhance initiation of immune response, and highlight quantitative strategies to assess other carrier technologies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.