ArticleDrug safety2018
Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Developing Alzheimer's Disease or Vascular Dementia: A Case-Control Analysis.
Article in Drug safety, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Dementia: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Pooled it
- No association between acid suppressant use and risk of dementia: an updated meta-analysis.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Proton pump inhibitors use and dementia risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Inconsistency in the Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Dementia Risk: An Updated Meta-Analysis.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Causal relationship between proton pump inhibitors and dementia risk: evidence from a Mendelian randomization study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Long-term proton pump inhibitor use and risk of dementia: a focused review on pantoprazole.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- The State of Use and Utility of Negative Controls in Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Review
- Proton Pump Inhibitors and Cognitive Health: Review on Unraveling the Dementia Connection and Co-morbid Risks.Current Alzheimer research · 2024Review
- Time-Varying Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Real-World Analysis from Germany.Drugs & aging · 2023Article
- Proton pump inhibitors and dementia: what association?Dementia & neuropsychologia · 2023Review
- Regular proton pump inhibitor use and incident dementia: population-based cohort study.BMC medicine · 2022Article
- Associations between proton pump inhibitors and Alzheimer's disease: a nested case-control study using a Korean nationwide health screening cohort.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2022Article
- Gastric acid suppressants and cognitive decline in people with or without cognitive impairment.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.) · 2022Article
- Lack of association between proton pump inhibitor use and decline in cognitive performance in the ELSA-Brasil cohort.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2021Article
- When does proton pump inhibitor treatment become long term? A scoping review.BMJ open gastroenterology · 2021Article
- Promoting Successful Cognitive Aging: A Ten-Year Update.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2021Review
- The Janus-like Association between Proton Pump Inhibitors and Dementia.Current Alzheimer research · 2021Article
- Clinical Use of Acid Suppressants and Risk of Dementia in the Elderly: A Pharmaco-Epidemiological Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Is it time to use real-world data from primary care in Alzheimer's disease?Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionLong-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in observational studies. The role of exposure duration, and whether this applies to other dementia subtypes, has not been explored in these studies.
objectiveThe aim was to study the association between long-term use of PPIs (or of histamine-2 receptor antagonists [H2RAs], as a negative control) and the risk of developing AD or vascular dementia (VaD).
methodsWe conducted a case-control analysis on the UK-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). We identified 41,029 patients aged ≥ 65 years with newly diagnosed AD or VaD between 1998 and 2015 and matched them 1:1 to dementia-free controls on age, sex, calendar time, general practice, and number of years of recorded history. We applied conditional logistic regression analyses to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), of developing AD or VaD in relation to previous use of PPIs or H2RAs, categorized by exposure duration.
resultsAs compared to non-use, long-term PPI use (≥ 100 prescriptions) was not associated with an increased risk of developing AD (aOR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80-0.97) or VaD (aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04-1.33). Neither was long-term use of H2RAs (≥ 20 prescriptions) associated with an increased risk of developing AD (aOR 0.94, 95% CI 0.87-1.02) or VaD (aOR 0.99, 95% CI 0.89-1.10).
conclusionIn this large, case-control analysis, we did not find any evidence for an increased risk of either AD or VaD related to PPI or H2RA use.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.