ArticlePloS one2018
Optimization of process parameters in preparation of tocotrienol-rich red palm oil-based nanoemulsion stabilized by Tween80-Span 80 using response surface methodology.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed.
- Rosemary essential oil nanoparticles enhance antimicrobial activity and induce bacterial DNA disruption.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2026Article
- High-Load Amino Acid Nanoemulsion: Physicochemical Optimization and Dermal Bioactivity.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Development of Chitosan-Carbon Dot Hybrid Nanoemulsomes for MEIS2 Inhibitor Delivery and Bioimaging in Colorectal Cancer.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Development of a Water-in-Oil Microemulsion Template for Chitosan Nanogel Fabrication via Genipin Crosslinking.Polymers · 2026Article
- Potent Anticancer, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Boswellia sacra Extracted Oil Nanoemulgel.BioMed research international · 2026Article
- Nanoemulsion of Apium graveolens essential oil as a natural pre-emergent herbicide.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Citral Nano-Emulsion AgainstFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Protective effects of avocado peel and seed extracts against UVB-damaged fibroblasts for the development of an anti-photoaging nanoemulgel.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Development of propranolol loaded SLN for transdermal delivery:Therapeutic delivery · 2025Article
- Formulation of catechin hydrate nanoemulsion for fortification of yogurt.Journal of food science and technology · 2025Article
- The Current Status, Hotspots, and Development Trends of Nanoemulsions: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Review.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Development and Optimization of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Encapsulating Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Formulation Using Response Surface Methodology.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions againstBeilstein journal of nanotechnology · 2024Article
- Nanoemulsion Improves the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Intraperitoneal and Oral Administration of Carvacryl Acetate.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Effect of High-Pressure Homogenization Conditions on the Physicochemical Properties and Stability of Designed Fluconazole-Loaded Ocular Nanoemulsions.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Nanoemulsion ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Strategies to Enhance the Solubility and Bioavailability of Tocotrienols Using Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Taif Rose Oil Ameliorates UVB-Induced Oxidative Damage and Skin Photoaging in Rats via Modulation of MAPK and MMP Signaling Pathways.ACS omega · 2023Article
- Development and Evaluation of Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulgel Formulation for the Treatment of Oral Bacterial Infections.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Emulsification of Rosemary and Oregano Aqueous Extracts and Their In Vitro Bioavailability.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Red palm oil (RPO) is a natural source of Vitamin E (70-80% tocotrienol). It is a potent natural antioxidant that can be used in skin-care products. Its antioxidant property protects skin from inflammation and aging. In our work, a tocotrienol-rich RPO-based nanoemulsion formulation was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and formulated using high pressure homogenizer. Effect of the concentration of three independent variables [surfactant (5-15 wt%), co-solvent (10-30 wt%) and homogenization pressure (500-700 bar)] toward two response variables (droplet size, polydispersity index) was studied using central composite design (CCD) coupled to RSM. RSM analysis showed that the experimental data could be fitted into a second-order polynomial model and the coefficients of multiple determination (R2) is 0.9115. The optimized formulation of RPO-based nanoemulsion consisted of 6.09 wt% mixed surfactant [Tween 80/Span 80 (63:37, wt)], 20 wt% glycerol as a co-solvent via homogenization pressure (500 bar). The optimized tocotrienol-rich RPO-based nanoemulsion response values for droplet size and polydispersity index were 119.49nm and 0.286, respectively. The actual values of the formulated nanoemulsion were in good agreement with the predicted values obtained from RSM, thus the optimized compositions have the potential to be used as a nanoemulsion for cosmetic formulations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.