Observational studyAnnals of internal medicine2018
HIV Viral Suppression Trends Over Time Among HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Care in the United States, 1997 to 2015: A Cohort Study.
Observational study in Annals of internal medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Suboptimal Recent and Regular HIV Testing Among Black Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States: Implications From a Meta-Analysis.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2019Pooled it
- Cytogenetic changes in oral mucosal cells of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children and adolescents undergoing antiretroviral treatment.Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) · 2023Trial
- An autoregressive cross-lagged model unraveling co-occurring stimulant use and HIV: Results from a randomized controlled trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Trial
- The longitudinal association between depression, anxiety symptoms and HIV outcomes, and the modifying effect of alcohol dependence among ART clients with hazardous alcohol use in Vietnam.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Trial
- Methamphetamine use drives decreases in viral suppression for people living with HIV released from a large municipal jail: Results of the LINK LA clinical trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Trial
- Gender Differences in Statin Discontinuation and Adherence Among Privately Insured People with HIV in the USA.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026 · on this mapObservational
- Ten-Year Cost Projections for Medicare Beneficiaries 65 Years or Older With HIV.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Violence Exposure, Affect and ART Use Among Young Black and Latinx Men Who have Sex with Men: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Enhancing therapy monitoring and effectiveness for HIV patients in China's border regions through a healthcare consortium: an interrupted time series analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Tracking HIV Through Wastewater: Ethical Considerations in Public Health Surveillance.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Hospital readmissions among adults with chronic kidney disease by HIV status in the United States.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Frequent Participation in Ryan White Services Improves Time to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Viral Suppression Among People With HIV Monoinfection and People With Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Coinfection in Philadelphia.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Identification of Clinical Phenotypes Among People with HIV Using Electronic Health Record Data.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Nonoptimal Virological Response Among Adults Living With HIV After Initiation of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy at a Tertiary Hospital in Oman: A Retrospective Cohort Study, 1992-2024.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2026Article
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- Patterns in Mental Health Symptoms, Substance Use, and Viral Suppression in People with HIV: A Clustering Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Untangling Discrimination: The Impact of Internalizing Oppression on HIV Treatment Engagement Among Young Black Sexual Minority Men in the Southern US.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Resolving Challenges in HIV Cure-Related Research: Protocol for a Modified Delphi Consensus-Building Process.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Sustained virologic suppression of multidrug-resistant HIV in an individual treated with anti-CD4 domain 1 antibody and lenacapavir.Nature medicine · 2025Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Because HIV viral suppression is essential for optimal outcomes and prevention efforts, understanding trends and predictors is imperative to inform public health policy. Objective: To evaluate viral suppression trends in people living with HIV (PLWH), including the relationship of associated factors, such as demographic characteristics and integrase strand transfer inhibitor (ISTI) use. Design: Longitudinal observational cohort study. Setting: 8 HIV clinics across the United States. Participants: PLWH receiving clinical care. Measurements: To understand trends in viral suppression (≤400 copies/mL), annual viral suppression rates from 1997 to 2015 were determined. Analyses were repeated with tests limited to 1 random test per person per year and using inverse probability of censoring weights to address loss to follow-up. Joint longitudinal and survival models and linear mixed models of PLWH receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) were used to examine associations between viral suppression or continuous viral load (VL) levels and demographic factors, substance use, adherence, and ISTI use. Results: Viral suppression increased from 32% in 1997 to 86% in 2015 on the basis of all tests among 31 930 PLWH. In adjusted analyses, being older (odds ratio [OR], 0.76 per decade [95% CI, 0.74 to 0.78]) and using an ISTI-based regimen (OR, 0.54 [CI, 0.51 to 0.57]) were associated with lower odds of having a detectable VL, and black race was associated with higher odds (OR, 1.68 [CI, 1.57 to 1.80]) (P < 0.001 for each). Similar patterns were seen with continuous VL levels; when analyses were limited to 2010 to 2015; and with adjustment for adherence, substance use, or depression. Limitation: Results are limited to PLWH receiving clinical care. Conclusion: HIV viral suppression rates have improved dramatically across the United States, which is likely partially attributable to improved ART, including ISTI-based regimens. However, disparities among younger and black PLWH merit attention. Primary Funding Source: National Institutes of Health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.